The functional role of molybdenum trioxide as a smoke retarder additive in rigid poly(vinyl chloride)

Lattimer, Robert P.; Kroenke, William J.

doi:10.1002/app.1981.070260412

Cited by 90 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…98 We show that there is a direct relationship between smoke reduction, char formation, and the ability of smokeretarders to greatly reduce the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons during pyrolysis in either an inert atmosphere or air. We conclude from the results of our studies using normal, perdeuterated, and syndiotactic PVC that the dominant role of molybdenum trioxide and other metal smoke retarders is to promote the crosslinking of PVC chain segments early in the thermal degradation process.…”

Section: Smoke Retarder Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metal smoke retarders for poly(vinyl chloride)

Kroenke¹

1981

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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SynopsisThis article provides an overview of smoke-retarding rigid PVC using metal compounds. It shows that a large variety of metals from throughout the Periodic Table can form compounds which are smoke retarders for PVC. These metals act to change the thermal degradation pattern of the PVC and promote the formation of char. Most of the active metals are transition metals, although many of the post-transition metals and a few of the pretransition metals also are active. The activity of metal smoke retarders primarily is determined by the choice of metal and the environment surrounding the metal ion. Since most of the effective smoke retarders are transition metal compounds, the ability to undergo redox reactions may be important. The initial oxidation state, however, appears to be relatively unimportant. Particle and dispersion characteristics are secondary factors. Increasing the concentration of a smoke retarder can increase, decrease, or have no effect on its effectiveness. It is impossible to predict the influence of a tin stabilizer on a metal smoke retarder, but for many smoke retarders there is little effect. Transition metal compounds are the most effective metal smoke retarders. Smoke-reducing synergisms result when molybdenum trioxide is combined with certain compounds of copper, iron, and tin.

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Section: Smoke Retarder Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metal smoke retarders for poly(vinyl chloride)

Kroenke¹

1981

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…As a result, the presence of MoS 2 not only enhances the thermal oxidative resistance of GNS, which could effectively impede the oxygen infiltration, heat and mass transmission, and the release of combustible gases from the underlying materials during combustion, but also can be oxidized to MoO 3 that can efficiently suppress the production of smoke. 36,37 4. CONCLUSION In the paper, MoS 2 /GNS hybrids were successfully synthesized and verified by XRD, Raman spectra, and TEM.…”

Section: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Modification of Graphene with Layered Molybdenum Disulfide and Their Synergistic Reinforcement on Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resins

Wang

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2013

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

119

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In this work, molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 )−modified graphene (MoS 2 /GNS) hybrids were prepared by the hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The characterization results show layered molybdenum disulfide was deposited on the surface of graphene nanosheets (GNSs) and grahene oxide was reduced simultaneously. Thermogravimetric analysis results of MoS 2 , GNS and MoS 2 /GNS hybrids showed that incorporation of MoS 2 increased the thermal oxidation resistance of the graphene evidently. Compared to pure epoxy resins (EP), the addition of MoS 2 /GNS hybrids into EP enhanced the onset thermal degradation temperature (T onset ) with an 53°C increment under air atmosphere and an 18°C increment under nitrogen atmosphere. The addition of MoS 2 /GNS hybrids endows excellent flame retardant properties to EP, confirmed by the dramatically reduced peak heat release rate value and total heat release value. Moreover, the addition of MoS 2 /GNS hybrids dramatically decreased the smoke products.

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“…29 and the other is the reductive coupling mechanism. 30 However, the results of the two mechanisms are similar, in that metal salts promote the crosslinking of degradation fragments and char formation. In our work, we reduced the release of phosphorus oxides of phosphonate and chain scission of polymers following degradation.…”

Section: Morphology and Chemical Composition Of The Charmentioning

confidence: 87%

Smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame‐retardant polyurethane‐polyisocyanurate foams filled with phosphonate and chlorinated phosphate

Liu

Zhou

Hao

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Three types of zinc salts, ZnAl 2 O 4 , ZnFe 2 O 4, and Zn 2 SiO 4, were prepared by coprecipitation. Potential smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame-retardant polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams (FPUR-PIR) with dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) and tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) were investigated. The crystal structure and dispersity of zinc salts in FPUR-PIR were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Smoke density, flame retardancy, and thermal degradation were studied using smoke density rating (SDR), limiting oxygen index (LOI), the cone calorimeter test, and thermogravimetry coupled with FTIR spectrophotometry (TGA-FTIR). The results indicated that pure zinc salts were obtained and evenly dispersed on the cell wall of FPUR-PIR. SDR and the specific extinction area (SEA) were significantly decreased, the time to second heat release rate peak (pk-HRR) of FRUP-PIR was delayed after incorporation of the zinc salts; zinc salts partially inhibited phosphorus oxide release into the gas phase, enhanced the condensed phase effect of phosphorus, reduced, and prolonged the release of isocyanate compound and hydrogen cyanide from FRUP-PIR; due to an increase in the amount of char residues, which indicated the suppression of smoke and toxicity volatiles. ZnFe 2 O 4 resulted in better char formation at the initial degradation stage of FPUR-PIR, and ZnAl 2 O 4 retained more phosphorus in the solid phase at higher temperature.

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The functional role of molybdenum trioxide as a smoke retarder additive in rigid poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 90 publications

References 34 publications

Metal smoke retarders for poly(vinyl chloride)

Metal smoke retarders for poly(vinyl chloride)

Surface Modification of Graphene with Layered Molybdenum Disulfide and Their Synergistic Reinforcement on Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Resins

Smoke and toxicity suppression by zinc salts in flame‐retardant polyurethane‐polyisocyanurate foams filled with phosphonate and chlorinated phosphate

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