The functional visual field during picture viewing.

Nelson, W. W.; Loftus, Geoffrey R.

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.6.4.391

Cited by 135 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although these data confirm that objects can be identified farther from fixation than words, two other lines of research suggest that there are limits to how far from fixation information can be extracted even in scene perception. First, Nelson and Loftus (1980) determined how close to fixation an object had to be for it to be recognized as being in the scene. They found that objects located within about 2.6 ° from fixation were generally recognized, but recognition depended to some extent on the characteristics of the object.…”

Section: How Important Are Eye Movements In Scene Perception?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Rayner

1998

Psychological Bulletin

6,150

231

5,590

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Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.Many studies using eye movements to investigate cognitive processes have appeared over the past 20 years. In an earlier review, I (Rayner, 1978b) argued that since the mid-1970s we have been in a third era of eye movement research and that the success of research in the current era would depend on the ingenuity of researchers in designing interesting and informative studies. It would appear from the vast number of studies using eye movement data over the past 20 years that research in this third era is fulfilling the promise inherent in using eye movement behavior to infer cognitive processes. The first era of eye movement research extended from Javal's initial observations concerning the role of eye movements in reading in 1879 (see Huey, 1908) up until about 1920. During this era, many basic facts about eye movements were discovered. Issues such as saccadic suppression (the fact that we do not perceive information during an eye movement), saccade latency (the time that it takes to initiate an eye movement), and the size of the perceptual span (the region of effective vision) were of concern in this era. The second era, which coincided with the behaviorist movement in experimental psychology, tended to have a more applied focus, and little research was undertaken with eye movements to infer cognitive processes. Although classic work by Tinker (1946) on reading and by Buswell (1935) on scene perception was carried out during this era, in retrospect, most of the work seems to have focused on the eye movements per se (or on surface aspects of the task being investigated). Tinker's (1958) final review ended on the rather pessimistic note that almost every-

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Section: How Important Are Eye Movements In Scene Perception?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Rayner

1998

Psychological Bulletin

6,150

231

5,590

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Appendix C Distance from Mentioned, but not Fixated, Objects Since the distance from a fixation is known to have processing implications (Nelson & Loftus, 1980), we performed an additional analysis in which we looked at the closest fixation to the referent when is not mentioned, and calculate the distance of this fixation from the object centroid. We find that on average, fixations are at 11.65 ± 5.04 degree of visual angle from the object centroid.…”

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confidence: 99%

Integrating mechanisms of visual guidance in naturalistic language production

Coco

Keller

2014

Cogn Process

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Situated language production requires the integration of visual attention and linguistic processing. Previous work has not conclusively disentangled the role of perceptual scene information and structural sentence information in guiding visual attention. In this paper, we present an eye-tracking study that demonstrates that three types of guidance, perceptual, conceptual, and structural, interact to control visual attention. In a cued language production experiment, we manipulate perceptual (scene clutter) and conceptual guidance (cue animacy), and measure structural guidance (syntactic complexity of the utterance). Analysis of the time course of language production, before and during speech, reveals that all three forms of guidance affect the complexity of visual responses, quantified in terms of the entropy of attentional landscapes and the turbulence of scan patterns, especially during speech. We find that perceptual and conceptual guidance mediate the distribution of attention in the scene, whereas structural guidance closely relates to scan-pattern complexity. Furthermore, the eye-voice span of the cued object and its perceptual competitor are similar; its latency mediated by both perceptual and structural guidance. These results rule out a strict interpretation of structural guidance as the single dominant form of visual guidance in situated language production. Rather, the phase of the task and the associated demands of cross-modal cognitive processing determine the mechanisms that guide attention.

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“…A headrest was used to keep a distance of 50 cm between the participants' eyes and the screen. The target stimulus of both tasks-a circle 1.7 cm in diameter, corresponding with the foveal visual angle of 1-2', thus providing maximal visual acuity (Nelson & Loftus, 1980)-moved with a speed of 3 cm/s within a delineated area (18 X 24.5 cm2) on rhe screen in randomly designed curves.…”

Section: Procedures Equipment and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.

Lengfelder¹,

Gollwitzer²

2001

Neuropsychology

101

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Two types of action control derived from the model of action phases (H. Heckhausen & P. M. Gollwitzer, 1987) were analyzed in patients with frontal lesions, patients with nonfrontal lesions, and university students. In Study 1, reflective action control in terms of goal selection was assessed, and impaired deliberation was found in patients with frontal lesions. Study 2 assessed reflexive action control in terms of automatic action initiation as a result of forming implementation intentions (P. M. Gollwitzer, 1999). All participants sped up their responses to critical stimuli by forming implementation intentions. Moreover, lesion patients with weak performances on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) task did worse than patients with strong TOH performances in Study 1 but better than control participants in Study 2. Findings are interpreted as a functional dissociation between conscious reflective action control and automatic reflexive action control.Patients with frontal lobe damage are often unable to cope with everyday life despite their unaffected performance in tests of intelligence, language, memory, and perception (Grattan & Eslinger, 1991). This discrepancy has stimulated various models describing the planning and action control deficits in patients with frontal brain lesions.For a long time, the frontal lobes have been considered to be involved in regulating and programming behavior (e.g.,

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The functional visual field during picture viewing.

Cited by 135 publications

References 13 publications

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research.

Integrating mechanisms of visual guidance in naturalistic language production

Reflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.

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