Morphology of synthetic imogolite nanotubes formed in droplet evaporation was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The nanotubes form a dense entangled network at higher concentrations, while at lower concentrations the nanotubes are liable to form oriented bundles. Under enthanol atmosphere, individual dispersion of nanotubes was observed for the first time, which reveals the length polydispersity of synthetic imogolite nanotubes.
synthetic imogolite, nanotubes, droplet evaporation, individual dispersionImogolite is a naturally occurring aluminosilicate found mainly in weathered volcanic ash, and can also be synthesized from dilute solutions of hydroxyaluminium orthosilicate. Natural imogolite has an external tube diameter of ca. 2 nm and an internal diameter of ca. 1 nm. The lengths of natural nanotubes are in the order of a few microns. The chemical composition of imogolite is (OH) 3 Al 2 O 3 SiOH. The SiOH groups are located on the inner surface of the nanotube, while AlOH groups are on the outer surface. The hydroxyl groups on the walls and rims make the nanotube hydrophilic [1][2][3][4] .Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is often used to characterize the morphology of synthetic imogolite [5][6][7][8][9] . Typically TEM specimen is prepared by depositing a drop of imogolite solution on a film-coated copper grid and drying in air. A random network of nanotubes is the most common morphology, and the tubular structure has been observed [5] . The periodic repeat unit along the nanotube axis is also revealed by corresponding electron diffraction (ED) patterns.The investigation on the dimensions of imogolite nanotubes avails to understanding the structure evolution and formation mechanism in the synthesis process. Polydispersity in lengths of natural imogolite nanotubes was proposed based on mathematical analysis of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) or light scattering data [10] , while for synthetic imogolite, Nair et al. [3] reported a monodisperse nanotube length of 100 nm in solution determined by dynamic light scattering. However, direct observation of individual imogolite nanotubes by TEM has not been available because of redistribution and aggregation of the nanotubes during the droplet drying process when the specimen is prepared.Here we report the morphology of synthetic imogolite nanotubes observed by controlling surface effects in droplet evaporation. In particular, individual dispersion of imogolite nanotubes was observed for the first time.We synthesized imogolite by the method of Farmer et al. [11] and the resulting solution was dialyzed against distilled water to remove unreacted silicic acid, monomeric aluminum, and NaCl. A drop of dialyzed solution was deposited onto a carbon-coated Formvar copper grid and dried at room temperature. The specimen was observed using a JEOL 1011 transmission electron microscope operated at 100 kV. The camera length was calibrated with Au standard.