The future danger of Mt. Kelut (Eastern Java — Indonesia)

Zen, M. T.; Hadikusumo, Djajadi

doi:10.1007/bf02596932

Cited by 38 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The first tunnel was driven just above the then lake level of 1,185 m, preventing any further rise, and the lake was progressively lowered to 1,129 m. The volcano erupted again on 31 August 1951, but the small (<2 × 10 6 m 3 ) volume of lake water was largely evaporated rather than explosively expelled, leading to minimal lahars. Unfortunately the tunnels were blocked by the eruption and the crater deepened by c. 70 m (Zen and Hadikusumo 1965). In 1954, work was begun to reactivate the tunnels, with 3 being cleared by 1955 when the lake volume was limited to 23.5 × 10 6 m 3 .…”

Section: Engineering Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Initial explosive phases of VEI-4 eruptions, occurring at mean intervals of 13 years (range 8-18) have ejected up to 40 × 10 6 m 3 of water in a matter of seconds, before progressing to Vulcanian eruptions, sometimes accompanied by pyroclastic flows. The resulting lahars have devastated the densely populated Plains of Blitar, destroying villages and killing tens of thousands since records began in c. AD 1000 (van Padang 1951;Zen and Hadikusumo 1965). In May 1848 an eruption caused partial breaching of the crater rim, releasing 48.7 × 10 6 m 3 of water (Neall 1996).…”

Section: Eruption-triggered Laharsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these only (i), (ii) and (vi) are capable of generating large waves in the far field (Watts and Waythomas 2003) Watts and Waythomas 2003). Observations of tsunami waves at volcanic lakes are limited to the 1996 Karymskoye Lake eruption (Belousov et al 2000), minor phreatic events at Ruapehu during the 1970s and 1980s (McClelland et al 1989), Taal volcano in 1911and 1965(Moore et al 1966a, and a number of other crater lakes (Table 1) mainly known for their eruptiontriggered lahar record (Mastin and Witter 2000). During the 1996 eruption at Karymskoye Lake "a light gray 'collar' [which] appeared around the focus (epicentre) of the explosion, representing a nearly axially-symmetric elevation of the water surface 130 m high that propagated radially at about 40-20 m/s to form the tsunami" (Belousov et al 2000).…”

Section: Explosion-generated Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kelut in Indonesia is probably the best example of a successful, although protracted, expensive, and technologically challenging intervention (Zen and Hadikusumo 1965;Suryo and Clarke 1985). The first attempt to control eruption-triggered lahars from the summit crater lake was construction of a diversion dam on the Badak ravine in 1905 following the 1901 eruption.…”

Section: Engineering Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These have ejected the summit crater lake to form lethal lahars on 10 occasions, killing >15,000 in total (Thouret et al 1998). Tunnels were constructed during 1923-1926 to artificially lower the lake level following the devastating 1919 eruption (Zen and Hadikusumo 1965;Smart 1981;Suryo and Clarke 1985). Following their destruction by the 1951 eruption (which produced no lahars because of the reduced crater lake volume) they were rebuilt Explosion through crater lake (Simkin and Siebert 1994) Raung, Indonesia…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Hydrogeology of Volcanic Lakes: Examples from the Central Italy Volcanic Lake District

Mazza

Taviani

Capelli

et al. 2015

Advances in Volcanology

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Volcanic regions typically host multiple lakes developed in explosion craters, volcano-tectonic collapse structures, and valley systems blocked as a result of eruptive activity, their boundaries and dimensions shifting in response to renewed activity and modification by background processes of erosion, sedimentation and tectonism. Such water bodies are a potent source of a wide range of complex and inter-related hydrologic hazards owing to their proximity to active volcanic vents, the consequent potential for violent mixing of magma with water, and the frequent fragility of their impoundments. These hazards arise as a result of water displacements within or from the lake basin and can be broadly sub-divided into 3 main types: (I) phenomena sourced within the lake basin as a direct or indirect consequence of subaqueous or subaerial volcanic activity; (II) floods from volcanic lakes triggered by volcanic activity, including induced breaching; and (III) floods from volcanic lakes with a non-volcanic cause. Type I hazards include subaqueous explosive volcanism and associated Surtseyan jets, base surges and tsunamis, which can impact lake shorelines and displace water over basin rims and through outlets. This results in Type II lahar and flooding hazards. Both types have been historically responsible for significant losses of life at many volcanoes worldwide. Other rapid phenomena such as pyroclastic flows, debris avalanches, and large lahars from intra-or extra-lake volcanoes are potentially tsunamigenic (Type I), and/or displacing, and can hence also lead to secondary (Type II) hazards, as can seismicity-producing volcano-tectonic movements. Slower processes including volcano-tectonic movements, subaqueous lava dome extrusion, cryptodome intrusion, and magmatic inflation can potentially produce Type II flooding through volumetric water displacement over the outlet. Erosion of the outlet can be catastrophic, magnifying the size of V. Manville

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Section: Engineering Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eruption-triggered Laharsmentioning

confidence: 99%