The future for long chain <i>n</i>-3 PUFA in the prevention of coronary heart disease: do we need to target non-fish-eaters?

Hall, Wendy L.

doi:10.1017/s0029665117000428

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…In these experiments, we found that in response to high cholesterol concentrations, the expression of the HMGCS2 gene was significantly increased [4]. We also observed overexpression of HMGCS2 mRNA [6] in the liver of rats receiving a diet containing only saturated fats [23]. Extending previous works using an NMR-based metabolomics approach, we investigated the hypothesis of a possible correlation between the previously described transcriptomic signature of hepatoma cell lines treated with hypercholesterolaemic sera and the metabolomic signatures of the same sera [4].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 66%

NMR-based metabolomic profile of hypercholesterolemic human sera: Relationship with in vitro gene expression?

et al. 2020

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Hypercholesterolaemia is considered an important cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that cultured hepatoma cells treated with hypercholesterolaemic sera compared with cells treated with normocholesterolaemic sera show overexpression of mRNAs related to mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A synthase (HMGCS2). In the present work, using an NMR metabolomic analysis, we demonstrate that the hypercholesterolaemic blood sera previously used to treat cultured hepatoma cells are characterized by a metabolomic profile that is significantly different from the normocholesterolaemic sera. Acetate, acetone, 2-hydroxybutyrate, cysteine, valine, and glutamine are the metabolites distinguishing the two groups. Abnormalities in the concentrations of these metabolites reflect alterations in energy-related pathways, such as pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, pyruvate, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the citrate cycle, and ketone bodies. Regarding ketone bodies, the pathway is regulated by HMGCS2; therefore, serum samples previously found to be able to increase HMGCS2 mRNA levels in cultured cells also contain higher amounts of the metabolites of its encoded enzyme protein product.

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Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 66%

NMR-based metabolomic profile of hypercholesterolemic human sera: Relationship with in vitro gene expression?

et al. 2020

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“…N‐6 PUFA play a vital role in many physiological functions but there was still controversy concerning about its effect on CVD risk . Dietary guidelines in many countries included a recommendation to consume oily fish, mainly on the basis of evidence from prospective cohort studies that fish consumption was cardioprotective . There was a need for sustainable sources of biologically active n‐3 PUFA, and certain plants contained high concentrations of ALA .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Linoleic and Alpha‐Linolenic Ratios and Concentrations on In Vitro Endothelial Cell Responses

Yang

Song²,

Wang

et al. 2018

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Although many studies have found that two essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (LA; n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA; n‐3 PUFA), are closely related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the effects of LA and ALA ratios and concentrations on CVD risk are not well known. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of various LA/ALA ratios (1:1, 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1) and their concentrations on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial cell functions, and the mechanism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926 cell line). The results indicate that low LA/ALA ratio might provide CVD benefits at low PUFA concentration while low LA/ALA ratio (1:1) increases CVD risk at high PUFA concentration. The results show that the effects of LA and ALA on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial cell functions, and the related gene expression are influenced by not only LA/ALA ratios but also their concentrations, and the mechanism may be mediated through PKCα/NF‐κB inflammatory and NO/eNOS signaling pathways by regulation of the NOX4 pathway. Practical Applications: Lipid metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial cell functions play an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD, which may be affected by an imbalance in the LA/ALA ratio. However, the effects of LA/ALA ratios on CVD risk are influenced by PUFA concentrations. The study provides a method to design diets beneficial for CVD prevention. The low LA/ALA ratio (1:1) could up‐regulate increase the gene expression level of PKCα and eNOS gene while NF‐κB and NOX4 gene expression levels are up‐regulated to increase oxidative stress, which could cause the oxidation of BH4 and uncoupling of eNOS under high PUFA concentration. Uncoupling eNOS generated normalO2−, instead of NO, which could damage vascular endothelial cell function. This is different from the role of eNOS in the production of NO under normal physiological conditions, which shows the duality of eNOS on atherosclerosis. The results indicate both LA and ALA ratios and concentrations are important for CVD risk.

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“…A ratio below 4:1 improves cardiovascular outcomes and may inhibit cancer [20]. The relationship between dietary intake and circulating plasma levels is less obvious, because conversion of short chain omega-3 ALA (consumed in plants) into long chain EPA and DHA occurs in tight competition with the conversion of omega-6 fats into inflammatory hormones ( Figure 1) [21]. In a comparison of fish-eaters, meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans, meat-eaters had the lowest blood EPA level and vegans had the lowest DHA level, while fish-eaters had the highest DHA and second-highest EPA (behind vegans) [22].…”

Section: Vegetarian and Pescetarian Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the inflammation-resolving and pro-inflammatory pathways use the same metabolic enzymes to compete for their respective polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrates: Omega-3 ALA and omega-6 LA respectively. The ratio of omega-6: Omega-3 fats in Western, Mediterranean, and healthy plant-based diets can favor one pathway, having implications for cardiovascular disease (CVD)[21].Volume 6 • Issue 2 • 1000223 Health Care Current Reviews, an open access journal ISSN:2375-4273…”

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confidence: 99%

Guide to Popular Diets, Food Choices, and Their Health Outcome

Hills¹,

Erpenbeck²

2018

Health Care Current Reviews

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Integrative medicine is becoming increasingly important for a patient population afflicted with preventable illnesses such as cardiometabolic disease. Diet and nutrition are an under-tapped opportunity in health care for improving wellness and patient-centered health outcomes. Key nutritional principles are reviewed for alternate dietary strategies patients choose from in pursuit of healthy living or to alleviate chronic illness. Whole food eating plans are discussed including plant-based, Mediterranean, Paleo, and ketogenic diets as well as the specific carbohydrate and low FODMAP diets for colitis and irritable bowel syndrome. Opposed to the traditional categorization of diets by macronutrient composition, it is more useful to discuss the nutritional quality of specific foods and available micronutrients. Cardiovascular and other risk factors are reviewed for foods and food combinations, supporting a diet rich in vegetables, fruit, nuts/seeds, and seafood omega-3 fats.Nutrition and lifestyle education is needed to counsel patients on the best dietary strategy that ensures their adherence and improves long-term health outcomes.

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The future for long chain n-3 PUFA in the prevention of coronary heart disease: do we need to target non-fish-eaters?

Cited by 15 publications

References 136 publications

NMR-based metabolomic profile of hypercholesterolemic human sera: Relationship with in vitro gene expression?

NMR-based metabolomic profile of hypercholesterolemic human sera: Relationship with in vitro gene expression?

Effects of Linoleic and Alpha‐Linolenic Ratios and Concentrations on In Vitro Endothelial Cell Responses

Guide to Popular Diets, Food Choices, and Their Health Outcome

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