The Future of Carbon: An Update on Graphene’s Dermal, Inhalation, and Gene Toxicity

Moghimian, Nima; Nazarpour, Soroush

doi:10.3390/cryst10090718

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In particular, it has been observed that the protection efficiency of carbon black decreases with increasing particle size, with the best performance achieved with particles < 20 nm [59]. A limitation associated with the use of carbon black is related to its manufacturing process, associated with environmental and health issues, since it implies partial combustion of fossil fuels and generation of greenhouse gas byproducts and polycyclic hydrocarbons [7,23]. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are another example of carbon-based materials that have shown a photostabilizing effect in polymer matrices.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Actions Of Photostabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter is most suitable for bulk industrial applications, such as UV protection, due to its ease of manufacturing and costeffectiveness. Commercial-grade, also known as few-layer graphene, is typically made of five to ten atomic layers of sp 2 -hybridized sheets of carbon and can be prepared through a sustainable process based on mechanochemical exfoliation of graphite [17,23,73]. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated recently that few-layer graphene is rather a safer alternative to conventional UV additives [6,7,23,[46][47][48].…”

Section: Types Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of health and safety concerns, graphene has lately shown promising results as well [23]. In fact, a recent study published by Moghimian et al discussed the dermal, inhalation, and gene toxicity tests of an industrial few-layer graphene (which has 6-10 layers and a predominant particle size of 0.5-2 microns and ∼1 wt.% oxygen content) [23]. This study has been specifically performed in accordance with the standard regulatory guidelines in place and has concluded no dermal and inhalation toxicity and no gene mutation induced by the studied graphene type, adverse effects repeatedly reported for conventional UV additives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Graphene’s Light Stabilizing Effects for Reduced Photodegradation of Polymers

et al. 2020

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Graphene, the newest member of the carbon’s family, has proven its efficiency in improving polymers’ resistance against photodegradation, even at low loadings equal to 1 wt% or lower. This protective role involves a multitude of complementary mechanisms associated with graphene’s unique geometry and chemistry. In this review, these mechanisms, taking place during both the initiation and propagation steps of photodegradation, are discussed concerning graphene and graphene derivatives, i.e., graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). In particular, graphene displays important UV absorption, free radical scavenging, and quenching capabilities thanks to the abundant π-bonds and sp2 carbon sites in its hexagonal lattice structure. The free radical scavenging effect is also partially linked with functional hydroxyl groups on the surface. However, the sp2 sites remain the predominant player, which makes graphene’s antioxidant effect potentially stronger than rGO and GO. Besides, UV screening and oxygen barriers are active protective mechanisms attributed to graphene’s high surface area and 2D geometry. Moreover, the way that graphene, as a nucleating agent, can improve the photostability of polymers, have been explored as well. These include the potential effect of graphene on increasing polymer’s glass transition temperature and crystallinity.

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Section: Mechanisms Of Actions Of Photostabilizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Types Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on Graphene’s Light Stabilizing Effects for Reduced Photodegradation of Polymers

et al. 2020

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“…For instance, GNP-filled polymers showed improved mechanical [6], electrical [7], gas barrier [8] and heat conduction [9] properties. Moreover, recent studies on the gene toxicity of GNP have concluded that graphene is much safer than carbon black for large-scale use [10]. However, the study of the GNP/glass fiber/polymer ternary composites is limited in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Reinforced Polyester/Graphene Nanocomposite Showing Tailored Electrical Conductivity

et al. 2020

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Production process was chosen in order to be readily scalable at the industrial level. The resin/graphene mixture was prepared through high shear mixing at six different weight concentrations between 0% and 10%. Samples were subsequently produced by compression molding. The electrical properties were measured both in-the-plane and across-the-plane using, respectively, a four-point probe and a two-electrode system. The two-electrode system was a dielectric spectrometer, and accordingly, the across-the-plane measurements were conducted in the frequency-domain. Mechanical measurements were conducted using conventional three-point bending and impact setups. The percolation threshold was found to be in the range of 3–5 wt.% concentration, for which the conductivity showed a 7 orders of magnitude increase. These results were quite similar to the samples containing around 50 wt.% of glass fibers. Surprisingly, the in-the-plane conductivity was found to be lower than the bulk conductivity, contrary to what was found with the same filler for thermoplastic composites prepared by melt compounding. No significant increase in mechanical properties as a function of filler loading was observed, except maybe a slight increase in the material toughness.

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Photo‐stabilization mechanisms of High‐Density Polyethylene (HDPE) by a commercial few‐layer graphene

Karimi,

Helal,

Gutierrez

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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This work studied few‐layer graphene (FLG) dominant action mechanisms as a photo‐stabilizer. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) containing 0–0.5 wt% FLG were exposed to UVA radiation in a QUV chamber, according to ASTM G154 for different exposure times, ranging from 0 to 672 h. The chemical, rheological, and mechanical properties were tracked using attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR), rheological measurements, and tensile tests. The experimental results showed that the addition of only 0.25 wt% FLG fully stabilized 1‐ to 3‐mm thick HDPE for an exposure time of 672 h. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) test was performed on the UV‐exposed mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the FLG aqueous suspensions (0, 0.2, 1, and 5 mg/mL), to study the FLG performance and mechanisms as a photo‐stabilizer. The results showed that FLG effectively decreased the characteristic EPR signal intensity due to both UV absorption/reflection and free radical scavenging. Fifty‐seven percent of the reduction was found to be due to UV absorption/reflection and 43% due to free radical scavenging. It is demonstrated that UV absorption/reflection and free radical scavenging are the dominant ones among the three FLG photo‐stabilizing mechanisms (UV absorption/reflection, free radical scavenging, and physical barrier to oxygen).Highlights FLG showed potential as a photo‐stabilizer for HDPE. Addition of 0.25 wt% FLG fully stabilized HDPE for 672 h of UVA exposure. FLG demonstrated UV absorption/reflection and free radical scavenging effects.

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The Future of Carbon: An Update on Graphene’s Dermal, Inhalation, and Gene Toxicity

Abstract: Recent studies on gene, inhalation and dermal toxicity of few-layer graphene have revealed much lower health risk than expected. This could pave the way for graphene as a young member of the nanocarbons family to become the “heir presumptive” to the long-reigning carbon black.

Cited by 20 publications

References 19 publications

A Review on Graphene’s Light Stabilizing Effects for Reduced Photodegradation of Polymers

A Review on Graphene’s Light Stabilizing Effects for Reduced Photodegradation of Polymers

Development of Reinforced Polyester/Graphene Nanocomposite Showing Tailored Electrical Conductivity

Photo‐stabilization mechanisms of High‐Density Polyethylene (HDPE) by a commercial few‐layer graphene

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