The future of coral reefs in an age of global change

Kleypas, Joan A.; Buddemeier, Robert W.; Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1007/s005310000125

Cited by 244 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Bermuda lies on the northern limit of tropical coral reefs ecosystems and thus experiences threshold oceanic environmental and chemical conditions with respect to temperature and light, and possibly X arag and pH, for supporting this ecosystem. It has been hypothesized that Bermuda is likely to be affected by OA sooner than lower latitude reefs, making Bermuda an important location to study the effects of seawater inorganic carbon chemistry on coral calcification rates (Kleypas et al 1999(Kleypas et al , 2001Bates et al 2010). Bermuda is also relatively spared from major human influences, such as pollution, run-off, overfishing, and dredging common to many US and Caribbean reefs and has been protected relatively successfully by local legislation.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform

2014

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Experimental studies have shown that coral calcification rates are dependent on light, nutrients, food availability, temperature, and seawater aragonite saturation (X arag ), but the relative importance of each parameter in natural settings remains uncertain. In this study, we applied Calcein fluorescent dyes as time indicators within the skeleton of coral colonies (n = 3) of Porites astreoides and Diploria strigosa at three study sites distributed across the northern Bermuda coral reef platform. We evaluated the correlation between seasonal average growth rates based on coral density and extension rates with average temperature, light, and seawater X arag in an effort to decipher the relative importance of each parameter. The results show significant seasonal differences among coral calcification rates ranging from summer maximums of 243 ± 58 and 274 ± 57 mmol CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 to winter minimums of 135 ± 39 and 101 ± 34 mmol CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 for P. astreoides and D. strigosa, respectively. We also placed small coral colonies (n = 10) in transparent chambers and measured the instantaneous rate of calcification under light and dark treatments at the same study sites. The results showed that the skeletal growth of D. strigosa and P. astreoides, whether hourly or seasonal, was highly sensitive to X arag . We believe this high sensitivity, however, is misleading, due to covariance between light and X arag , with the former being the strongest driver of calcification variability. For the seasonal data, we assessed the impact that the observed seasonal differences in temperature (4.0°C), light (5.1 mol photons m -2 d -1 ), and X arag (0.16 units) would have on coral growth rates based on established relationships derived from laboratory studies and found that they could account for approximately 44, 52, and 5 %, respectively, of the observed seasonal change of 81 ± 14 mmol CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 . Using short-term light and dark incubations, we show how the covariance of light and X arag can lead to the false conclusion that calcification is more sensitive to X arag than it really is.

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Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform

2014

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“…The fore-reef emerged as one of the most productive zones and a key source of carbonate for deposition on other reef system components (Kleypas et al 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of remote sensing to scale up measures of carbonate production on reef systems: a comparison of hydrochemical and census-based estimation methods

Hamylton

Silverman

Shaw

2013

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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(2013). The use of remote sensing to scale up measures of carbonate production on reef systems: a comparison of hydrochemical and census-based estimation methods. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34 (18), 6451-6465.The use of remote sensing to scale up measures of carbonate production on reef systems: a comparison of hydrochemical and census-based estimation methods AbstractThe present study uses remote-sensing imagery to estimate carbonate production of the complete One Tree Island reef system, Great Barrier Reef, using hydrochemical (alkalinity reduction) and census-based (budgetary) methods. For five sites representing different benthic cover types across the reef system, carbonate production is determined using hydrochemical techniques that incubate substrates in a local aquarium and measure total alkalinity, total ammonia nitrogen, and total oxidized nitrogen. Local estimates are scaled up to the reef-system scale using a WorldView-2 satellite image, which is ground truthed against a field data set of 350 spatially referenced records of benthic assemblage. Annual total reef system carbonate production based on hydrochemical and census-based methods is estimated at 40,335 and 38,998 tonnes of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), respectively. The minimal difference (0.3%) between these estimates is attributed to under representation of small carbonate producers, such as benthic foraminifera, which are difficult to incorporate in the underwater video methodology employed to populate census budgets. This finding demonstrates the utility of remote sensing for upscaling local measures of carbonate production across reef systems accurately and consistently in spite of the use of different initial estimation methods. AbstractThe present study uses remote sensing imagery to estimate carbonate production of the complete One

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“…Consequently, the role and function of calcareous ecosystems and communities may be altered as a result of future changing environmental conditions Kleypas et al, 1999Kleypas et al, , 2001Riebesell et al, 2000;Langdon et al, 2000;Mackenzie et al, 2000;Leclercq et al, 2000Leclercq et al, , 2002.…”

Section: The Inorganic Carbon Cycle In the Global Oceanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models

2004

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Abstract. The global carbon cycle is part of the much more extensive sedimentary cycle that involves large masses of carbon in the Earth's inner and outer spheres. Studies of the carbon cycle generally followed a progression in knowledge of the natural biological, then chemical, and finally geological processes involved, culminating in a more or less integrated picture of the biogeochemical carbon cycle by the 1920s. However, knowledge of the ocean's carbon cycle behavior has only within the last few decades progressed to a stage where meaningful discussion of carbon processes on an annual to millennial time scale can take place. In geologically older and pre-industrial time, the ocean was generally a net source of CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere owing to the mineralization of land-derived organic matter in addition to that produced in situ and to the process of CaCO 3 precipitation. Due to rising atmospheric CO 2 concentrations because of fossil fuel combustion and land use changes, the direction of the air-sea CO 2 flux has reversed, leading to the ocean as a whole being a net sink of anthropogenic CO 2 . The present thickness of the surface ocean layer, where part of the anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are stored, is estimated as of the order of a few hundred meters. The oceanic coastal zone net air-sea CO 2 exchange flux has also probably changed during industrial time. Model projections indicate that in preindustrial times, the coastal zone may have been net heterotrophic, releasing CO 2 to the atmosphere from the imbalance between gross photosynthesis and total respiration. This, coupled with extensive CaCO 3 precipitation in coastal zone environments, led to a net flux of CO 2 out of the system. During industrial time the coastal zone ocean has tended to reverse its trophic status toward a non-steady state situation of net autotrophy, resulting in net uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 and storage of carbon in the coastal ocean, despite the significant calcification that still occurs in this region. FurCorrespondence to: A. Lerman (alerman@northwestern.edu) thermore, evidence from the inorganic carbon cycle indicates that deposition and net storage of CaCO 3 in sediments exceed inflow of inorganic carbon from land and produce CO 2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the shallow-water coastal zone, increase in atmospheric CO 2 during the last 300 years of industrial time may have reduced the rate of calcification, and continuation of this trend is an issue of serious environmental concern in the global carbon balance.

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The future of coral reefs in an age of global change

Cited by 244 publications

References 39 publications

Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform

Multiple driving factors explain spatial and temporal variability in coral calcification rates on the Bermuda platform

The use of remote sensing to scale up measures of carbonate production on reef systems: a comparison of hydrochemical and census-based estimation methods

Past and present of sediment and carbon biogeochemical cycling models

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