“…The presence of landmarks as visuospatial cues on navigation map aids is essential for spatial knowledge formation (Ekstrom, 2015;Epstein & Vass, 2014;Ramanoël et al, 2022). Therefore, visualizing navigation-relevant landmarks on mobile maps as 3D buildings with higher visual fidelity compared to less relevant features provides a pedestrian navigator with a more naturalistic depiction of the experienced environment, which in turn facilitates feature identification between the physical world and the mobile map display, and spatial learning (Chrastil & Warren, 2012;Raubal & Winter, 2002;Richter & Winter, 2014;Thrash et al, 2019;Willis et al, 2009). Additionally, users generally prefer fully realistic 3D visualizations, which is attributed to the fact that they provide a more naturalistic representation of the environment and are perceived as recognizable, efficient, intuitive, enjoyable, and fun (Hegarty et al, 2009;Liao et al, 2017;Lokka & Çöltekin, 2019;Oulasvirta et al, 2009;Plesa & Cartwright, 2008).…”