Objective-Prominent on the nation's research agenda on substance-use disorders treatment is the dissemination of effective pharmacotherapies. Thus, the purpose of this article is to use a "diffusion of innovations" theoretical framework to examine the organizational-level predictors of the adoption of a pharmacotherapy, naltrexone (Revia), in private substance use-disorders treatment centers (N = 165).Method-Data for these analyses were derived from the National Treatment Center Study, which contains four waves of data collected between 1994 and 2003. An event history model examined the impact of culture, leadership characteristics, internal structure, and external characteristics on the likelihood of adopting naltrexone between 1994 and 2003.Results-The results suggest that organizations embracing a 12-step model and those employing more experienced administrators were significantly less likely to adopt naltrexone. Moreover, treatment centers that used prescription drugs, possessed an employee handbook, were accredited, and operated on a for-profit basis were significantly more likely to adopt naltrexone over time.Conclusions-Structural characteristics do affect the innovation adoption behaviors of private substance-use disorders treatment centers. Organizational-level "research to practice" implications to further the adoption of innovative evidence-based treatments are discussed.A Major Focus Within the substance-use disorders treatment field is on conducting clinical trials in an effort to identify more effective treatment modalities. Despite the development of a number of evidence-based treatment strategies, including pharmacotherapies, substanceuse disorders treatment providers (Foreman et al., 2001;McGovern et al., 2004) and community treatment programs have been slow to adopt these new strategies Lamb et al., 1998;Read et al., 2001) suggesting that the adoption of innovations is a more complex organizational process. We argue that much of the "gap" that exists between research and practice can be explained by the structural variations of treatment organizations. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to use a "diffusion of innovations" * This research was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grants R01-DA13110 and R03-DA107199. (Rogers, 2003) to examine the organizational predictors of innovation adoption in private substance-use disorders treatment centers using an event history analysis. Specifically, the adoption of naltrexone (Revia) between 1994 and 2003 will be explored. Naltrexone is an opiate antagonist used in the treatment of both opiate and alcohol dependence. The development of naltrexone for the treatment of opiate dependence was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1984. Subsequently, naltrexone can be defined as an innovation (Rogers, 2003) since it was approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence a decade later based on two randomized trials (O'Malley et al., 1992;Volpicelli et al., 1992).
Theoretical concepts predicting naltrexone adoptionA...