The future relations between air and rail transport in an island country

Multiple hub network and high-speed railway: Connectivity, gateway, and airport leakage

“…In order to describe the market structure considering demand-supply interaction, we apply a bi-level air transport market model (Takebayashi, 2011(Takebayashi, , 2012a(Takebayashi, , 2012b(Takebayashi, , 2013). In the model, carriers play as leader and passengers play as follower, Carriers' behavior is considered in the upper level and the passengers' behavior is considered in the lower level.…”

“…In this paper, we introduce two types of carriers, airline and HSR company (Takebayashi, 2012b), and assume that both carriers maximize their profits but their control variables and constraints for competition are different.…”

“…For passenger's route choice behavior, we adopt SUE with capacity constraint model (Bell, 1995;Takebayashi, 2011Takebayashi, , 2012aTakebayashi, , 2012bTakebayashi, , 2013Zhou et al, 2005) because SUE can include the effect of congestion in the Logit type formulation. The general formulation of the SUE with capacity constraint is…”

“…Each airline's unit operating cost is 0.15 (USD/seat km) (Takebayashi, 2012b). Airlines do not have the runway capacity constraint at every airport.…”

“…In OD passenger's disutility function (5), parameters are fixed from the former article (Takebayashi, 2012b): h = 1, a 1 = 0.004 (per minute), a 2 = 0.019 (per USD), and a 3 = 2.6. …”