The Future Supply of Nature-Made Petroleum and Gas

Abstract

Philippe de seynes lThe topic of energy is so central to the world predicament that no institution looking at the future or at the complex interactions of global problems can fail to deal with it in one or the other of its aspects.IIASA, as a major exponent of systems dynamics, an approach to problem solving which seeks to broaden the traditional information base and to delve into the complex structure of the policy-making process, and UNITAR, as an arm of the United Nations, which has . . recently initiated a Programme of 2Meadows, Dennis L., and Donella H., Limits to Growth. Report to the Club of Rome (MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1972).x knowledge on which they were built was significantly improved.It appears at this stage essential to probe current hypotheses and evaluations regarding supplies of depletable resources, and to make a serious attempt to come closer to a consensus in 'this regard.It seems particularly timely to look at Nature-Made Petroleum and Gas, as the recent sharp increase in prices could not fail to enlarge significantly the volume of resources recoverable under the new economic conditions. Oil and gas are unique resources which alone among energy sources can be used for all purposes, and there was a certain confidence on the part of the two organizations sponsoring the Conference, that its future is brighter than is currently admitted in most of the pronouncements about the future of energy.With the availability of a variety of unconventional sources of petroleum and gas, the "age of petroleum" may be considerably extended--nature-made hydrocarbons may play a most important role in the difficult transition to a new energy economy, hopefully based on renewable resources. The conditions under which such a transition will be managed are today raising momentous issues:For almost a quarter of a century nuclear energy had been seen in many circles as the natural successor to petroleum and gas.But the perspective of the proliferation of atomic reactors is now generating a widespread and deep "malaise" as the assumptions in regard to safety and costs on the basis of which the nuclear option had been so widely supported, are increasingly challenged.The Conference was conceived and convened as a technological encounter, bringing together outstanding experts to compare their experience and knowledge and to explore the present "state of the art," in relation to the totality of known petroleum and gas resources and their future availability in the light of new technologies, as well as time and cost constraints. While the Conference did not answer all questions involved in the search for alternative energy sources, it was able to draw a comprehensive picture in regard to petroleum and gas, and it represents a useful "building block" in the vast effort on which mankind is now embarked.

Laboratory study of cyclic liquid solvent injection process for heavy oil recovery through computed tomography

“…After analyzing eq.3 and eq.4, it is possible to predict that the relation between number CT and bulk density is lineal, if the energy is above 100 Kv, as shown in eq. 5 = + (5) To obtain the value of the constant ( and ) of eq.5, it is necessary to scan different materials with known bulk density and similar dimensions (diameter) as the core, an in the same environment (energy and current). The following materials were taken as standards for this experiment: water, acetone, alumina and three kinds of sandstones with different densities.…”

“…DYNA, 86(210), pp. 81-90, July -September, 2019. useful and they have been researched and piloted [5,6], including cyclic steam stimulation (CSS), steam flooding, and combustion in-situ [7]. Another option is a shift in the heavy oil composition with gaseous and liquid solvents, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), flue gases, naphtha, diesel, gasoil [8].…”