The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXI. The WASP-33 system revisited with HARPS-N

Abstract

Context. Giant planets in short-period orbits around bright stars represent optimal candidates for atmospheric and dynamical studies of exoplanetary systems. Aims. We analyse four transits of WASP-33b observed with the optical high-resolution HARPS-N spectrograph to confirm its nodal precession, study its atmosphere and investigate the presence of star-planet interactions. Methods. We extract the mean line profiles of the spectra by using the Least Square Deconvolution method, and analyse the Doppler shadow and the radial velocities. We also derive the transmission spectrum of the planet, correcting it for the stellar contamination due to rotation, center-tolimb variations and pulsations. Results. We confirm the previously discovered nodal precession of WASP-33b, almost doubling the time coverage of the inclination and projected spin-orbit angle variation. We find that the projected obliquity reached a minimum in 2011 and use this constraint to derive the geometry of the system, in particular its obliquity at that epoch ( = 113.99 • ± 0.22 • ) and the inclination of the stellar spin axis (i s = 90.11 • ± 0.12 • ), as well as the gravitational quadrupole moment of the star J 2 = (6.73 ± 0.22) × 10 −5 , that we find to be in close agreement with the theoretically predicted value. Small systematics errors are computed by shifting the date of the minimum projected obliquity. We present detections of Hα and Hβ absorption in the atmosphere of the planet, with a contrast almost twice smaller than previously detected in the literature. We also find evidence for the presence of a pre-transit signal, which repeats in all four analysed transits and should thus be related to the planet. The most likely explanation lies in a possible excitation of a stellar pulsation mode by the presence of the planetary companion. Conclusions. A future common analysis of all available datasets in the literature will help shedding light on the possibility that the observed Balmer lines transit depth variations are related to stellar activity and/or pulsation, and to set constraints on the planetary temperature-pressure structure and thus on the energetics possibly driving atmospheric escape. A complete orbital phase coverage of WASP-33b with high-resolution spectroscopic (and spectro-polarimetric) observations could help understanding the nature of the pre-transit signal.

Efficient and precise transit light curves for rapidly-rotating, oblate stars

“…All of them utilize some aspect of stellar rotation that breaks spherical symmetry to measure the planet's orbit. By far the most widely-used method is Doppler tomography, for instance used recently by Borsa et al (2021) on the WASP-33 system. Doppler tomography involves measurement of a transit spectroscopically; due to the redshift and blueshift of different sides of the rotating star, the stellar absorption lines are broadened.…”

Spi-OPS: Spitzer and CHEOPS confirm the near-polar orbit of MASCARA-1 b and reveal a hint of dayside reflection

“…Previous measurements of J 2 for other hot Jupiters (e.g. Szabó et al 2012;Masuda 2015;Watanabe et al 2020;Borsa et al 2021) have been of the order 10 −4 . Adopting the same value for MASCARA-1, we would anticipate observing db/dt ∼ 0.002 and dλ/dt ∼ 0.34 deg/yr.…”

HORuS transmission spectroscopy and revised planetary parameters of KELT-7 b

“…Other chemical species (He, Li, Na, Mg, Ca, K, V, Cr, CO, CH 4 , and H 2 O) have been reported in the atmospheres of tens of highly irradiated gaseous planets (e.g. Barman et al 2015;Wyttenbach et al 2015;Sheppard et al 2017;Chen et al 2018;Nortmann et al 2018;Parmentier et al 2018;Allart et al 2018Allart et al , 2019Alonso-Floriano et al 2019;Seidel et al 2019;Sing et al 2019;Yan et al 2019;Hoeijmakers et al 2020;Tabernero et al 2021;Borsa et al 2021a).…”