The Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps

Doss, Cheryl R.; Deere, Carmen Diana; Oduro, Abena D.; Swaminathan, Hema

doi:10.1057/dev.2015.10

Cited by 67 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A wide range of indicators may be produced on women's landownership, depending on the policy question and available data (Doss et al, 2011). Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.…”

Section: Operationalizing Indicators Of Landownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, both overall and within studies, percentages for documented ownership of land are lower as compared with percentages of reported ownership. For example, 8% of women and 15% of men are reported as landowners in Ghana, but this figure falls to 1% and 2%, respectively, when the analysis is limited to those with their name on a formal ownership document (Doss et al, 2011). It is notable that for every study and every instance of Indicator 1, with the exception of Ragasa et al (2013), where statistics on both males and females are presented, the percentages specific to women are smaller as compared with those for men.…”

Section: Ministry Of Landsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: myth and reality

Doss

Kovarik

Peterman

et al. 2015

Agricultural Economics

228

147

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Lack of clarity behind measurement and interpretation of statistics on gender and land leads to an inability to clearly articulate a policy response to the potential inequalities faced by women and men. This article sets out to explore, conceptually and empirically, the levels and relative inequalities in land rights between women and men in African countries. The first section of the article engages in a conceptual discussion of how to measure gendered-land outcomes, what ownership and control mean in different contexts, and why attention to these factors is important for the development of gender and land statistics. The second section of the article systematically reviews existing evidence from microlevel large sample studies to summarize recent trends in land access, ownership, and control by sex. The third section presents new statistics from a variety of nationally representative and large-scale unpublished data on gender and land in Africa. Results provide not only a nuanced understanding of the importance of measuring land indicators for gendered development in Africa and globally but also new statistics on a variety of land outcomes to aid stakeholders in the discussion of gender-land inequalities.JEL classifications: J16, O13, Q15

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“…A wide range of indicators may be produced on women's landownership, depending on the policy question and available data (Doss et al, 2011). Each has its own strengths and weaknesses.…”

Section: Operationalizing Indicators Of Landownershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ministry Of Landsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: myth and reality

Doss

Kovarik

Peterman

et al. 2015

Agricultural Economics

228

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The asset gender gap, which includes less access to land, inputs, labor, cash and credit and training opportunities (human capital development), is associated with 20 -30 percent lower productivity on women's fields and closing the asset gap could raise agricultural output globally by 2.5-4 percent (FAO, 2011). Women face unique obstacles to overcoming the asset gap; for example, lack of land title can constrain access to credit and lower levels of formal education can be compounded by less participation in extension meetings and agricultural training (Doss et al, 2011;Quisumbing et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Farm Decision Making and Gender: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Ecuador

2017

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Substantial resources have been devoted to mitigating the asset gender gap in developing country agriculture. Efforts have been taken to understand the role of women in decision making and in farm operations. Recommendations for best practices in eliciting information on women's roles have emphasized the importance of sex-disaggregated data collection and analysis. Collection of sex-disaggregated data is not straightforward and careful attention to context is needed. In Ecuador's highlands, chemical use in agriculture is widespread, and outreach and training programs to reduce this use are essential. These programs should target the appropriate decision makers. This paper presents results from a field experiment conducted in the Ecuador highlands where responding farm households are randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (i) a male respondent, (ii) a female respondent, and (iii) both adult male and female respondents (interviewed separately, but with knowledge that the other would also be interviewed). We assess whether treatment assignment affects responses to questions about decision making and responsibility for agricultural activities.Perceptions about household decision making and who is responsible for agricultural activities vary substantially by type of respondent. Men are more likely to claim sole responsibility; women are more likely to claim responsibility or that decisions are jointly made. In households where both man and woman were interviewed (separately) we found stark differences in responses about responsibilities, with men claiming sole responsibility at higher rates. Interviewing both members led to less divergence in responses, but large differences in perceptions about responsibilities remain when both are interviewed. Best interviewing practices depend on the type of information needed: for precise quantification of gender roles, complex methods may be necessary, but where qualitative information is sufficient, single-member interviews may be sufficient. Keywords:Women's decisionmaking, survey design, randomized control trial, integrated pest management, Ecuador. 3 Highlights:Household decision makers should be targeted in pesticide education programs, yet no solid guidance exists for identifying these decision makers Randomized survey experiment uncovers information about how survey design affects responses about decision making and responsibilities Women and men have different perceptions about decision making, but interviewing both in the same household does not solve the problem More research is needed on how to measure gender roles in household decision making 4 Acknowledgements

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“…Asset ownership is a suitable proxy, as it determines individual economic options and livelihood opportunities (Doss et al, 2014;Johnson et al, 2016;Quisumbing et al, 2015). For instance, assets can serve as collateral when seeking credit.…”

Section: Definition and Measurement Of Outcome Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, assets can serve as collateral when seeking credit. In traditional societies, assets are predominantly owned by the male household head or by other male household members, hence more assets being held by females can be interpreted as a trend towards women's empowerment (Deere and Doss, 2006;Doss et al, 2014). 5 We compare the gendered distribution of asset ownership in certified and non-certified households to evaluate the possible impact of standards.…”

Section: Definition and Measurement Of Outcome Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can private food standards promote gender equality in the small farm sector?

Meemken

Qaim

2018

Journal of Rural Studies

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractAgricultural commercialization can help to lift subsistence farmers out of poverty, but can also have adverse effects on gender equality. We explore whether private food standards -with their particular elements to regulate production and trade -could serve as a vehicle to promote gender equality in the small farm sector. We use gender-disaggregated data from coffee producers in Uganda and focus on two sustainability standards that explicitly address gender issues, namely Fairtrade and UTZ. Entropy balancing techniques, combined with estimates of farmers' willingness to accept standards, are used to control for possible selection bias when comparing certified and non-certified households. We find that standards and their certification programs increase wealth in male-headed and female-headed households. In male-headed households, standards also change the intra-household distribution of asset ownership: while in non-certified households, assets are predominantly owned by the male household head alone, in certified households most assets are jointly owned by the male head and his female spouse. Standards also improve access to agricultural extension for both male and female farmers. Effects on women's access to financial services are statistically insignificant. Private standards cannot completely eliminate gender disparities, but the findings suggest that they can contribute towards this goal.

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The Gender Asset and Wealth Gaps

Cited by 67 publications

References 12 publications

Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: myth and reality

Gender inequalities in ownership and control of land in Africa: myth and reality

Farm Decision Making and Gender: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Ecuador

Can private food standards promote gender equality in the small farm sector?

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