The Gender Dimension of Intergenerational Transfers in Europe

Abstract

This paper analyses the gender dimension of intergenerational transfers in European countries using National Transfer Accounts data on age-and gender-specific transfers in 2010. We combine data on public and private transfers with demographic information to estimate gender-specific net transfer benefits by life stage and over the whole life course. Furthermore, public old-age benefits are decomposed into yearly averages as well as the number of years that individuals can expect to be net recipients of public transfers. The results show remarkable differences between genders, especially in old age. Yearly net public benefits in old age are considerably smaller for women. However, the total public benefits over the whole retirement period are higher for women due to their higher life expectancy.

The Subjective Cost of Young Children: A European Comparison

“…Long-term indirect costs include, for example, lower pension entitlements as well as the child-induced loss of professional networks and human capital caused by career breaks and reduced working hours (Letablier et al, 2009). Indirect costs of children are not gender-neutral and child penalties in earnings are generally higher for mothers than for fathers (Kleven et al, 2019), resulting in asymmetries such as the gender wage gap (Weichselbaumer & Winter-Ebmer, 2005) or the female pension gap (Bettio et al, 2013;Hammer et al, 2020). Overall, mothers earn less than comparable childless women (Cukrowska-Torzewska & Matysiak, 2018).…”