The gender role strain paradigm.

Abstract

the gender role strain paradigm (GrSP) has been called the "standard model" for research in the psychology of men and masculinities (see Foreword, this volume). in this chapter, we discuss, in turn, the development of the GrSP, types of masculine gender role strain, social contexts of masculine gender role strain, assessment of the GrSP, and future research directions. deVeloPment oF the GrSPFeminist scholarship on the psychology of women and gender redefined sex and gender (Unger, 1979), developing in the process a perspective that viewed gender roles as socially constructed by gender ideologies, rooted in power differences between men and women (deaux, 1984;Gergen, 1985).the Gender role Strain ParadiGm ronald F. leVant and Wizdom a. PoWell

The Moderating Role of Trait Anger in The Relationship between Masculine Stress and Intimate Partner Violence

“…2 | No. 2 nine (Eisler & Skidmore, 1987;Levant & Powell, 2017). This situation is called masculine gender role stress (MGRS).…”

Multilevel influences on depressive symptoms among men in Bangladesh.

“…Community-level strain also was theorized to influence behavior through pathways of emotional distress (Agnew, 1999). Specific to masculinity, three types of strain have been identified (Levant & Powell, 2017). First, discrepancy strain results when “one fails to live up to one’s internalized manhood ideal” (p. 19, Levant & Powell, 2017) Second, dysfunction strain results when a man endorses masculine norms within a culture, with the norms themselves having a negative influence on him (Levant and Powell, 2017).…”

“…Depressive symptoms and other negative mental health consequences have been linked to strain related to endorsement of customary masculinity (Levant, 2011; O’Neil, 1981; Pleck, 1981; Rice, Fallon, & Bambling, 2011). In line with discrepancy strain, men who fail to attain dominant masculine ideals may be marginalized (Anwary, 2015; Connell, Eide, & Breines, 2000; Courtenay, 2000; Haque & Kusakabe, 2005; Levant & Powell, 2017), and may experience strain from their endorsement of often unattainable norms of masculine dominance (Levant & Powell, 2017). For both dysfunction and discrepancy strain, failure to perform masculinity in alignment with strong social norms of masculine dominance may result in emotional distress (Greene, Robles, & Pawlak, 2012; Levant, 1992; Levant & Powell, 2017).…”

“…Men may also fear stigma if they fall short of social expectations (Connell et al, 2000; O’Neil, 2008), or strain may stem from a man’s frustration at not meeting ideals of masculine stoicism and control (Addis & Cohane, 2005; Magovcevic & Addis, 2005) in line with notions of discrepency strain. A central tenent of the gender-role strain paradigm is that community norms can influence a man’s endorsement of customary masculinity as typically found in patriarchal contexts (Levant & Powell, 2017), potentially resulting in negative emotional consequences (Selim, 2010).…”

“…Bangladesh remains a patriarchal society, with strong norms of masculine dominance (Islam & Karim, 2012), and 31.5% of the population live below the poverty line (The World Bank: Bangladesh, 2010). Depression among men worldwide has been associated with poverty (Patel & Kleinman, 2003) and pressure to fulfill norms of masculine dominance (Levant & Powell, 2017). Despite similar pressures, men in higher-income countries are less likey than women to seek treatment for depressive symptoms (Rochlen, Paterniti, Epstein, Duberstein, Willeford, and Kravitz, 2010).…”