The Gender Wage Gap in Offered, Observed, and Reservation Wages for Spain

Arrazola, María; Hevia, José de

doi:10.1080/13545701.2015.1135248

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The Heckman procedure has been widely utilised for econometric analysis, mainly to calculate wage equations based on observed and unobserved wages (see e.g. [ 5 ]). In the transport field, the Heckman procedure has been used within the context of ride-sourcing platforms to analyse the two-step decisions made by drivers: to work or not, and if so, how long to work [ 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain

Awad-Núñez

Julio

Gómez

et al. 2021

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

135

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Background The COVID-19 crisis has meant a significant change in the lifestyle of millions of people worldwide. With a lockdown that lasted almost three months and an impulse to new normality, transport demand has suffered a considerable impact in the Spanish case. It is mandatory to explore the effect of the pandemic on changes in travel behaviour in post-COVID-19 times. Methodology A nationwide survey was carried out during the lockdown in Spring 2020 to overview the recent changes. The survey collected both stated preferences (socio-demographic characteristics and mobility-related attributes), and revealed preferences (individuals’ habits, especially in the frequency of the trips according to the trip purpose, and opinions regarding the willingness and acceptability of these changes, and which actors would have to drive them, and how) of individuals. This paper aims to study and understand the willingness to adopt a set of measures to improve the safety conditions of public transport and shared mobility services against possible contagion from COVID-19 and the willingness to pay for them. Results The results obtained show that some measures, such as the increase of supply and vehicle disinfection, result in a greater willingness to use public transport in post-COVID-19 times. Similarly, the provision of covers for handlebars and steering wheels also significantly increases individuals’ willingness to use sharing services. However, respondents expect that these measures and improvements would be implemented but maintaining the same pre-COVID-19 prices. The results of this research might help operators deploy strategies to adopt their services and retain users.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain

Awad-Núñez

Julio

Gómez

et al. 2021

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

135

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“…variables associated with the pay gap alone cannot explain the social and cultural context (Lips, 2013). Research results indicate that gender wage differences are explained not by factors related to human capital but by social, institutional and cultural factors, as well as discrimination against women (Arrazola and de Hevia, 2016). Other research indicates that it is caused by differences in labor market characteristics rather than differences in their rewards (Barnet-Verzat and Wolff, 2008).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gender pay gap, according to which women receive lower pay than men for the same work, is observed and has so far been widely analyzed in the literature (Khoreva, 2011; Lips, 2013; Arrazola and de Hevia, 2016; Ravazzini and Chesters, 2018). The gender pay gap is explained by the human capital theory, which seeks its roots in differences in male and female experiences, education, skills, etc., and discriminatory preferences (Barnet-Verzat and Wolff, 2008; Cutillo and Centra, 2017; Tverdostup and Paas, 2017); by institutional theory (Munir Sidani, 2013; Reichborn-Kjennerud and Svare, 2014) or by heterodox theory (Karamessini and Ioakimoglou, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender pay gap in explaining female entrepreneurship – industry perspective of selected European countries

Gaweł

Mroczek-Dąbrowska

2021

IJM

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PurposeAlthough several theoretical concepts imply different determinants of female entrepreneurship, the literature lacks a consensus on their significance. The aim of this paper is to verify how industry specificity influences the gender pay gap and its relation to female entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachThe authors distinguish industries based on the gender equality level, measured jointly by two factors: pay gap level and female participation rate. The study has been conducted among 22 European countries with relatively similar institutional backgrounds. The authors carry out the analysis based on the panel regression models, which enable the authors to verify two predefined research questions.FindingsThe results of panel regression models indicate that industry specificity plays a significant role in the relation between the pay gap and female entrepreneurship. Generally, it can be concluded that gender pay gap as a measure of gender inequality is dependent on the industry specificity. The dependence is especially visible in the breakdown of male- and female-dominated industries.Originality/valueThe findings are consistent with the assumption that the gender pay gap is a discriminatory factor for women willing to become entrepreneurs in certain industries. The findings of the study may constitute a vital tool in planning to overcome it.

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“…This could suggest that women's lower wage expectations are consequences of experienced or expected discriminatory practices in the labour market. In other words, it is possible that lower wage expectations reflect women's awareness of labour market segregation, discrimination and prejudices against female employees or higher opportunity costs women need to incur when entering the labour market (e.g., due to household chores load) (Arrazola and de Hevia, 2016;Brown, Roberts and Taylor, 2011). Interestingly, Caliendo, Lee and Mahlstedt (2017) noticed that it is sufficient for women to anticipate discriminatory practices -even in the absence of actual discriminationto lower their reservation wages.…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, Caliendo, Lee and Mahlstedt (2017) noticed that it is sufficient for women to anticipate discriminatory practices -even in the absence of actual discriminationto lower their reservation wages. Conversely, if women's wage expectations are consistently similar to those of men and do not decrease with time or market experience, lower wage offers may discourage them from looking for a job or a certain type of job, decrease their labour market attachment and consequently induce them to withdraw from the market permanently, also contributing to the raw gender wage gap (Arrazola and de Hevia, 2016;Brown, Roberts and Taylor, 2011).…”

Section: Conceptual Framework and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appetites Grow with Age: Wage Expectations among Slovak Men and Women

Adamus¹,

Mikušková²

2021

ekoncas

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The present study investigated whether gender differences in wage expectations (reservation wage and expected wage level after probation) could be considered as a reliable explanation of the gender wage gap. First, whether women are willing to accept lower wage offers than men do was examined. Then socioeconomic and demographic factors that affect wage expectations in relation to a post of a regional manager in a winery were identified. A total of 381 Slovaks (201 female) participated in the study. Generally, women and men stated similar wage expectations despite significantly different actual incomes. Next, correlation analysis showed that reservation wage was positively related to personal income and masculinity controlling for age (the expected wage level after the probationary period was not related to any of the measured variables), whereas hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed personal income and masculinity as significant predictor of reservation wage. Finally, after dividing participants into age quartiles, ANOVA revealed that with increasing age wage expectations increased as well.

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The Gender Wage Gap in Offered, Observed, and Reservation Wages for Spain

Cited by 8 publications

References 54 publications

Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain

Post-COVID-19 travel behaviour patterns: impact on the willingness to pay of users of public transport and shared mobility services in Spain

Gender pay gap in explaining female entrepreneurship – industry perspective of selected European countries

Appetites Grow with Age: Wage Expectations among Slovak Men and Women

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