The Gender Wage Gap in Europe: Job Preferences, Gender Convergence and Distributional Effects

Redmond, Paul; McGuinness, Séamus

doi:10.1111/obes.12282

Cited by 84 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…the fact that many female-dominated fields have a greater supply of workers) and personal preferences (e.g. the fact that, on average, women view pay as a less important consideration in choosing a career than men, and view things such as job security and flexible work hours as more important; Funk & Parker, 2018; Gino et al., 2015; Lubinski et al., 2014; Redmond & McGuinness, 2019). Such matters are beyond the scope of this article.…”

Section: Levelling the Playing Field Vs Equalizing Sex Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?

Stewart‐Williams

Halsey

2021

Eur J Pers

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It is a well-known and widely lamented fact that men outnumber women in a number of fields in STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths). The most commonly discussed explanations for the gender gaps are discrimination and socialization, and the most common policy prescriptions target those ostensible causes. However, a great deal of evidence in the behavioural sciences suggests that discrimination and socialization are only part of the story. The purpose of this paper is to highlight other aspects of the story: aspects that are commonly overlooked or downplayed. More precisely, the paper has two main aims. The first is to examine the evidence that factors other than workplace discrimination contribute to the gender gaps in STEM. These include relatively large average sex differences in career and lifestyle preferences, and relatively small average differences in cognitive aptitudes – some favouring males, others favouring females – which are associated with progressively larger differences the further above the average one looks. The second aim is to examine the evidence suggesting that these sex differences are not purely a product of social factors but also have a substantial biological (i.e. inherited) component. A more complete picture of the causes of the unequal sex ratios in STEM may productively inform policy discussions.

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Section: Levelling the Playing Field Vs Equalizing Sex Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?

Stewart‐Williams

Halsey

2021

Eur J Pers

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“…(cited in Steven Pinker, 2002), p. 359) Certainly, many female-dominated fields pay less, on average, than maledominated STEM fields. 16 There is a great deal of debate about the reasons for this, and the extent to which it is a product of sexism vs. factors such as market forces (e.g., the fact that many female-dominated fields have a greater supply of workers) and personal preferences (e.g., the fact that, on average, women view pay as a less important consideration in choosing a career than men, and view things such as job security and flexible work hours as more important; Funk & Parker, 2018;Gino et al, 2015;Lubinski et al, 2014;Redmond & McGuinness, 2019). Such matters are beyond the scope of this article.…”

Section: The Sexist Assumption Underlying the Demand For Paritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Men, Women, and STEM: Why the Differences and What Should Be Done?

Stewart‐Williams¹,

Halsey²

2018

Preprint

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It is a well-known and widely lamented fact that men outnumber women in a number of fields in STEM, including physics, mathematics, and computer science. The most commonly discussed explanations for the gender gaps are discrimination and socialization, and the most common policy prescriptions are targeted at those ostensible causes. However, a great deal of evidence in the behavioral sciences suggests that discrimination and socialization are only part of the story. The purpose of this paper is to highlight other aspects of the story: aspects that are commonly overlooked or downplayed. More precisely, the paper has two main aims. The first is to examine the evidence that factors other than workplace discrimination make a significant contribution to the gender gaps in STEM. These factors include relatively large average sex differences in career and lifestyle preferences, and relatively small average differences in cognitive aptitudessome favoring males, others favoring femaleswhich are associated with progressively larger differences the further above the average one looks. The second aim is to evaluate the evidence suggesting that these sex differences are not purely a product of social factors but also have a substantial biological (or "innate") component. A more complete picture of the many causes of the unequal sex ratios in STEM may productively inform policy debates, and is likely to improve women's situation across the STEM fields. Men, Women, and ScienceWhy the Differences and What Should Be Done?Never has the issue of gender disparities been as widely discussed, or as bitterly contested, as it has been in recent years. From the Oscars to the political podium, from TV shows to the workplace, disparities are identified and debate inevitably ensues. In the occupational realm, one of the primary focuses of this debate has been the differential representation of men and women in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math). 1 This was epitomized by the infamous "Google memo," in which then-Google employee James Damore (2017) questioned the extent to which observed gender disparities in STEM are a product of workplace discrimination. The memo, and Damore's subsequent dismissal from Google, provoked a great deal of discussion and debate about the causes of STEM disparities and the origins of human sex differences. Unfortunately, much of this debate was decidedly inaccurate in its presentation of the research on the topic. A great deal was said about bias and discrimination, but relatively little about other factors contributing to STEM gender gaps (e.g., Chachra, 2017). Furthermore, to the extent that other factors were mentionedfactors such as average sex differences in academic interests these were typically attributed to socialization, rather than to biology or to a 1 Strictly speaking, the issue is not STEM per se, but rather STEM fields that focus on the non-living world, or that have a strong spatial or mathematical component. According to Ceci et al. (2014), the STEM fields should be divided into GE...

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“…Many of the previously transitioning countries of Central and Eastern Europe typically had large gender wage gaps but also low female employment rates, though the latter have generally increased since 2010 (Kunze 2018). In these countries a relatively small proportion of the gender wage gap could be explained by the different characteristics of female and male employees (Redmond and McGuinness 2017;Khitarishvili 2019).…”

Section: Are Women Really Paid More Than Men In Kosovo? Unpicking the Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Are Women Really Paid More than Men in Kosovo? Unpicking the Evidence

Gashi

Adnett

2020

South East European Journal of Economics and Business

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A recent survey found that the unadjusted average hourly net wage rate of female employees in Kosovo exceeded that of male employees. This reverse gender wage gap makes Kosovo a curiosity, though results from other countries suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the size of the gender pay gap in a country and its female labour force participation rate. In the analysis below we estimate earning functions for female and male employees in Kosovo. Using decomposition analyses we then examine the size of the explained and unexplained gender wage gaps. A novel feature of the investigation is that we incorporate into the analysis gender differences in the allocation of time. We find that the superior productivity-related characteristics of female employees in Kosovo hides the magnitude of the difficulties they still face in the labour market. Hence, we conclude that once we focus on workers with similar observed productivity-related characteristics, women in Kosovo are paid significantly less than men.

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The Gender Wage Gap in Europe: Job Preferences, Gender Convergence and Distributional Effects

Cited by 84 publications

References 54 publications

Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?

Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?

Men, Women, and STEM: Why the Differences and What Should Be Done?

Are Women Really Paid More than Men in Kosovo? Unpicking the Evidence

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