The Gendered Racialization of Asian Women as Villainous Temptresses

Hwang, Maria Cecilia; Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar

doi:10.1177/08912432211029395

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…We predicted that South Asian men would be perceived as more masculine and less feminine than East Asian men given the stereotypes of dangerous terrorists and facial features (darker phenotype, facial hair) that could hyper-masculinize South Asian men more so than East Asian men. We do not predict much difference between South and East Asian women in their perceived femininity-masculinity given that both groups are seen as particularly feminine and both Asian female groups are routinely objectified as exotic (Ahn et al, 2022;Hwang & Parreñas, 2021). As such, South and East Asian women may not reliably differ from one another.…”

Section: Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Racial stereotypes are gendered such that Asian Americans are stereotypically considered as more feminine than Black and White people (Galinsky et al, 2013;Johnson et al, 2012;Wilkins et al, 2011). In the United States, Asian women are seen as exotic and objects of sexual desires (Hwang & Parreñas, 2021) and Asian men are seen as effeminate and asexual (Iwamoto & Kaya, 2016). As such, the larger Asian American group is seen as more feminine than other racial groups.…”

Section: Gendered Perceptions Of East and South Asian Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gendered Perceptions of East and South Asian Men

Goh¹,

Trofimchuk²

2022

Preprint

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Gendered race theories argued that Asian male faces are perceived to be more feminine and less masculine than other racial groups like Black male faces, but extant research focused exclusively on East Asian men while overlooking South Asian men. Four studies (N = 1,329) examined the perceived masculinity and femininity of East and South Asian men and women using facial photographs. We consistently found that East Asian men were perceived to be more feminine and less masculine compared to South Asian, White, and Black men. We identified a crucial facial feature that hyper-masculinized South Asian male faces. South Asian men with facial hair were perceived as less feminine, more masculine, and more threatening compared to South Asian men without facial hair and men from other racial groups. Facial hair hyper-masculinized South Asian men likely because of stereotypes associated with terrorism following the September 11 terrorist attack that led to increased surveillance of and hate crimes against South Asians. We did not find consistent patterns of gendered perceptions for South and East Asian women. This research highlights the importance of disaggregating the diverse Asian American category in extending former theories and findings in face perceptions.

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Section: Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Gendered Perceptions Of East and South Asian Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gendered Perceptions of East and South Asian Men

Goh¹,

Trofimchuk²

2022

Preprint

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“…However, some studies have found no gender differences in loss of employment rates during COVID-19 [ 30 ], or levels of psychological distress across all Asian subgroups [ 66 ]. We still encourage future research to include gender as a potential factor of difference in experiences, particularly because of the intersectionality of being Asian/Asian American and a woman often means hyper-sexualization and violence (e.g., the Atlanta spa shootings in 2021) [ 67 ]. Additionally, the evidence for gender disparities in mental and physical health as well as economic status is well documented [ 67 – 69 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiles of a COVID-19 Syndemic: Anti-Asian Racism, Economic Challenges, and Mental and Physical Health

McGarity‐Palmer

Saw

Horse

et al. 2023

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

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Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, Asians/Asian Americans have experienced co-occurring threats of anti-Asian racism, economic challenges, and negative mental and physical health symptoms. Objectives We examined the co-occurrence of COVID-19-related anti-Asian discrimination and collective racism, economic stressors, and mental and physical health challenges for Asians/Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also examined Asian/Asian American subgroups associated with these threats. Methods Nationally representative data from the 2021 Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander COVID-19 Needs Assessment Project (unweighted N = 3,508) were used to conduct a latent profile analysis to identify unique typologies of the co-occurrence of these threats. We also conducted chi-square analyses to investigate subgroup differences by latent profile. Results We identified five distinct latent profiles: multi-threat impact, low impact, collective racism, health challenges, and economic/health challenges. Forty percent of Asians/Asian Americans were in the multi-threat impact profile, indicating high levels across COVID-19-related threats. Subgroup analyses revealed significant differences in profile membership. East Asians, US-born Asians/Asian Americans, and those aged 25–44 seemed to be particularly affected by the proposed syndemic; results also differed by income. Conclusion Asians/Asian Americans have experienced co-occurring and interrelated threats during COVID-19 that suggest the presence of a syndemic. Results from our study point to vulnerable Asian/Asian American subgroups and the need for targeted public health efforts to address racism, health challenges, and economic challenges in the context of COVID-19.

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“…Although the need to understand the murders of Asian/American massage workers in Atlanta in 2021 motivated this special issue, to our great disappointment we did not receive any submissions on the experiences of violence by Asian/American women-despite Crenshaw's (1991) foregrounding not only Black women's but also Asian/American women's experiences of gendered violence in her formulation of intersectionality. Hwang and Parreñas (2021) remind us of the pressing need to address Asian/American women's epistemic absence in our analysis of racialized and gendered violence. As they argue, the murders in Atlanta resulted from Asian/American women's hypersexualization in cinema and the law as villainous temptresses.…”

Section: Recentering Women Of Color In Intersectional Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Gender, and Violence

Banerjee

Hwang

2023

Gender & Society

Self Cite

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In this introduction to the Special Issue on Gender, Race and Violence, we go back to the roots of intersectionality and foreground an intersectional lens in our examination of violence against women and non-binary people of color. We argue that it is important to address the persistent “epistemic violence” resultant from silencing the most marginal, by featuring works that call attention to and examine violence against groups subjected to the “interlocking oppressions” of race, class, gender, and sexuality. The articles in the Special Issue re-directs the sociological analysis of violence to foreground scholarship that engages in the gendered and racial appraisal of violence. Studies included in the issue also foreground sexuality, which has largely been neglected in the intersectional analysis of violence. In so doing, we nod to both the past and the future of intersectionality in studies of violence.

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The Gendered Racialization of Asian Women as Villainous Temptresses

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Gendered Perceptions of East and South Asian Men

Gendered Perceptions of East and South Asian Men

Profiles of a COVID-19 Syndemic: Anti-Asian Racism, Economic Challenges, and Mental and Physical Health

Race, Gender, and Violence

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