The Gene Flow Direction of Geographically Distinct Phytophthora infestans Populations in China Corresponds With the Route of Seed Potato Exchange

Gao, Fangluan; Chen, Changsheng; Li, Benjin; Weng, Qiyong; Chen, Qinghe

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01077

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The late blight pathogen is cosmopolitan in distribution, and the spores are known to be disseminated over long distances by wind and via the movement of infected materials [ 60 ]. The genetic diversity of P. infestans and the evolutionary forces responsible for its diversity has also been investigated in China using molecular population genetics approaches [ 61 ]. The authors noticed the considerable level of gene flow between populations, as well as the direction of gene flow, primarily from north to south, which corresponds to the route of potato seed transportation, suggesting a role of human activities in the dispersal of P. infestans .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is also shown by a low genetic differentiation among these populations. High genotypic diversity through sexual reproduction and oospores’ formation is common in neighboring countries such as Finland and the Baltic region [ 26 , 32 , 68 ], but differs from essentially clonal populations in western regions of Europe [ 72 , 73 , 74 ], and in the United States and South America [ 75 , 76 ], Asia [ 61 , 77 ], and Africa [ 78 , 79 ]. However, recent rapid local and global genotype shifts have occurred due to pathogen migration with tuber trade [ 80 , 81 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia

Runno-Paurson

Agho

Zoteyeva

et al. 2022

JoF

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There is limited understanding of the genetic variability in Phytophthora infestans in the major potato cultivation region of north-western Russia, where potato is grown primarily by small households with limited chemical treatment of late blight. In this study, the mating type, sensitivity to metalaxyl, and genotype and population genetic diversity (based on 12 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers) of 238 isolates of P. infestans from the Pskov region during the years 2010−2013 were characterized. The aim was to examine the population structure, phenotypic and genotypic diversity, and the prevalent reproductive mode of P. infestans, as well as the influence of the location, time, and agricultural management practices on the pathogen population. The frequency of the A2 mating was stable over the four seasons and ranged from 33 to 48% of the sampled population. Both mating types occurred simultaneously in 90% of studied fields, suggesting the presence of sexual reproduction and oospore production in P. infestans in the Pskov region. Metalaxyl-sensitive isolates prevailed in all four years (72%), however, significantly fewer sensitive isolates were found in samples from large-scale conventional fields. A total of 50 alleles were detected in the 141 P. infestans isolates analyzed for genetic diversity. Amongst the 83 SSR multilocus genotypes (MLGs) detected, 65% were unique and the number of MLGs varied between locations from 3 to 20. These results, together with the high genotypic diversity observed in all the locations and the lack of significance of linkage disequilibrium, suggest that sexual recombination is likely responsible for the unique MLGs and the high genetic diversity found in the Pskov region population, resembling those of north-eastern European populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia

Runno-Paurson

Agho

Zoteyeva

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…A higher degree of population differentiation in mtDNA than neutral genome represented by SSR provides further evidence supporting an adaptive evolution (Wu et al, 2016 ; Yang et al, 2018 ; Shen et al, 2021 ; Waheed et al, 2021 ) in the P. infestans molecules. Gene flow is the main evolutionary mechanism determining the population differentiation of species (Gao et al, 2020 ). Low population differentiation (0.08) in neutral genome achieved by natural and/or human-mediated dispersal (Gao et al, 2020 ) is consistent with a high gene flow of the pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gene flow is the main evolutionary mechanism determining the population differentiation of species (Gao et al, 2020 ). Low population differentiation (0.08) in neutral genome achieved by natural and/or human-mediated dispersal (Gao et al, 2020 ) is consistent with a high gene flow of the pathogen. The propagules of P. infestans can be transmitted to a long distance by air current (Firester et al, 2018 ), and intensive cultivation of its potato and tomato hosts year-round in the country (Guha Roy et al, 2021 ) creates a unique opportunity for transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Genome Contributes to the Thermal Adaptation of the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans

et al. 2022

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As a vital element of climate change, elevated temperatures resulting from global warming present new challenges to natural and agricultural sustainability, such as ecological disease management. Mitochondria regulate the energy production of cells in responding to environmental fluctuation, but studying their contribution to the thermal adaptation of species is limited. This knowledge is needed to predict future disease epidemiology for ecology conservation and food security. Spatial distributions of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in 405 Phytophthora infestans isolates originating from 15 locations were characterized. The contribution of MtDNA to thermal adaptation was evaluated by comparative analysis of mtDNA frequency and intrinsic growth rate, relative population differentiation in nuclear and mtDNA, and associations of mtDNA distribution with local geography climate conditions. Significant variation in frequency, intrinsic growth rate, and spatial distribution was detected in mtDNA. Population differentiation in mtDNA was significantly higher than that in the nuclear genome, and spatial distribution of mtDNA was strongly associated with local climatic conditions and geographic parameters, particularly air temperature, suggesting natural selection caused by a local temperature is the main driver of the adaptation. Dominant mtDNA grew faster than the less frequent mtDNA. Our results provide useful insights into the evolution of pathogens under global warming. Given its important role in biological functions and adaptation to local air temperature, mtDNA intervention has become an increasing necessity for future disease management. To secure ecological integrity and food production under global warming, a synergistic study on the interactive effect of changing temperature on various components of biological and ecological functions of mitochondria in an evolutionary frame is urgently needed.

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“…del Castillo-Múnera et al ( 2013) have analyzed the P. infestans, P. andina, P. sojae, P. cryptogea, P. nicotianae, P. capsici and P. cinnamomi strains using 13 SSR markers and species specific alleles were amplified. Subsequently, the microsatellite markers have been extensively employed in Phytophthora population studies (Engelbrecht et al 2017;Lurwanu et al 2020), diversity analysis (Hieno et al 2019;Chaves et al 2020;Wu et al 2020;Al-Kaabi et al 2020), evolutionary studies (Dale et al 2019) and to track the migration (Socorro Serrano et al 2019;Afandi et al 2019;Mizeriene et al 2020;Gao et al 2020). However, all these studies have employed only a limited number of microsatellite markers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide microsatellites and species specific markers in genus Phytophthora revealed through whole genome analysis

et al. 2020

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Genome wide microsatellite maps shall support Phytophthora systematics through the development of reliable markers, enabling species discrimination and variability analyses. Whole genome sequences of 17 Phytophthora accessions belonging to 14 species were retrieved from GenBank and the genome-wide microsatellites in each species were mined. A total of 51,200 microsatellites, including dinucleotide to decanucleotide motifs, have been identified across all the species and each one was characterized for uniqueness and repeat number. The P. infestans T30-4 genome had the highest (6873) and P. multivora 3378 had the lowest number of microsatellites (1802). Dinucleotide motifs (63.6%) followed by trinucleotide motifs (30.1%) were most abundant in all the genome. From 14 species, 250 microsatellites which are unique for the respective genomes are detailed along with their primer combinations and product sizes. P. sojae had the highest number of unique microsatellite motifs. Genome wide microsatellite maps for all the 14 Phytophthora species including the chromosome, position, motif, repeat number, forward and reverse primer sequences and expected PCR product size, for every microsatellite are presented. Markers based on the unique microsatellites could be used to identify each species, whereas the ones common to all species could be used to identify the genetic variability. Furthermore, to confirm the results, pure cultures of P. capsici, P. nicotianae and P. palmivora were procured from the Phytophthora Repository, DNA was isolated and the unique markers were screened across the species. The characteristic markers developed have confirmed the genome analysis results.

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The Gene Flow Direction of Geographically Distinct Phytophthora infestans Populations in China Corresponds With the Route of Seed Potato Exchange

Cited by 12 publications

References 50 publications

Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia

Highly Diverse Phytophthora infestans Populations Infecting Potato Crops in Pskov Region, North-West Russia

Mitochondrial Genome Contributes to the Thermal Adaptation of the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans

Genome-wide microsatellites and species specific markers in genus Phytophthora revealed through whole genome analysis

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