The gene for the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone is expressed in the mammary gland of lactating rats.

Palmon, Aaron; Aroya, Nurit Ben; Tel-Or, Shoshana; Burstein, Yigal; Fridkin, Mati; Koch, Yitzhak

doi:10.1073/pnas.91.11.4994

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Among these, variation in the expression of GnRH in mammary tissues has been reported [9,18]. In the present study, we examined the variation of annexin A5 expression in mammary tissues.…”

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confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Localization of Annexin A5 in the Mammary Gland of Rats: Up-Regulation of Expression by Pup Removal

Rieanrakwong

Yonezawa

Kurusu

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The distribution of annexin A5, a cytosolic protein related to gonadotropin releasing hormone action, was examined in the mammary gland of rats by immunohistochemistry with special reference to changes by lactation. Annexin A5 was observed in the interstitial tissues but not alveolar cells in virgin rats, while mammary epithelial cells became positive for annexin A5 in pregnant rats. The intensity of annexin A5 was decreased in lactating rats and dramatically increased after weaning, especially on the nucleus. When pups were removed from their dam at mid-lactation (day 10), annexin A5 was also increased on day 12. Apoptotic epithelial cells detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling were simultaneously increased. Annexin A5 mRNA expression of mammary tissues was increased after pup removal. These results are the first to demonstrate the distribution of annexin A5 in the mammary glands of lactating rats, and the enhanced expression in mammary epithelial cells after lactation suggests its involvement in mammary epithelial cell involution.KEY WORDS: annexin A5, mammary gland, mammary involution.

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“…Among these, variation in the expression of GnRH in mammary tissues has been reported [9,18]. In the present study, we examined the variation of annexin A5 expression in mammary tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical Localization of Annexin A5 in the Mammary Gland of Rats: Up-Regulation of Expression by Pup Removal

Rieanrakwong

Yonezawa

Kurusu

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…1A) and confirmed that the fragments that were amplified originated from RNA. Unlike the transcript for GnRH that was evident in mammary glands of pregnant and lactating but not of virgin rats [6], the transcript for the GnRH receptor was present in the mammary glands of all animal models that were examined including the virgin rat. The mRNA for the GnRH receptor has also been detected in the breast of human [ 191 but not in that of mouse [20], suggesting a species-specific regulation for this gene.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…A considerable amount of GnRH is synthesized by the breast [6]. GnRH produced by the mammary gland may act locally in a paracrine and/or an autocrine way.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 A, lane 5). To examine whether the appearance of GnRH receptor transcripts coincides with that of GnRH [6], we used cDNA samples from virgin, 6 and 18 days pregnant, 6 and 7 days lactating rats. A fragment of similar size was detected in all the samples examined.…”

Section: Gnrh Receptor Expression In Rat Mammary Glandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, there are several studies describing direct effects of GnRH analogs on the growth of mammary tumor cells in culture [3- Recently [6], we have demonstrated that the GnRH gene is expressed in the mammary gland of the rat. The GnRH mRNA was present in the mammary gland of pregnant and lactating rats but not of virgin rats implying that expression of the GnRH gene is activated during pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of the gene for the receptor of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in the rat mammary gland

et al. 1996

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Recent findings have demonstrated that the GnRH gene is expressed in the mammary gland of pregnant and lactating rats but not of virgin rats. Indeed, significant concentrations of biologically active GnRH have been found in milk of human, cow, sheep and rat. We have, therefore, looked for expression of the GnRH receptor in the rat mammary gland. By reverse transcription (RT)-PCR amplification, we have demonstrated the presence of GnRH receptor mRNA in mammary gland samples derived from virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. The GnRH receptor transcript cloned from the mammary gland was sequenced and found to have an identical coding region to the one cloned from the pituitary gland. In addition, we have found that the mammary gland, as the pituitary gland, contains at least two transcripts having the same coding region but different 5' non-coding regions. Binding studies, however, could demonstrate only low-affinity binding sites. These results, therefore, suggest that the regulation of the GnRH receptor occurs posttranscriptionally rather than at the level of transcription.

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The genes for gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor are expressed in human breast with fibrocystic disease and cancer

Kottler

Starzec²,

Carré

et al. 1997

Int. J. Cancer

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While gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH receptor (GnRHR) have been reported to exist in tissues other than brain and pituitary, there is no report concerning co-expression of GnRH and GnRHR in human breast tissues. To address this question, we have examined whether mRNA for GnRH as well as GnRHR was present in different human breast samples, by employing the reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol followed by Southern blotting of the PCR products. Coexpression of GnRH and GnRHR genes was further confirmed by dot blot hybridization using appropriate [ 32 P]-labeled probes. We thus tested fibrocystic breast (4 cases), invasive ductal carcinomas (6 cases) and 1 adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. GnRHR and GnRH mRNAs were found in all actin-positive samples including malignant as well as nonmalignant tissues. Quantitative determinations of mRNA did not reveal significant differences between malignant and non-malignant breast samples for either GnRH or GnRHR gene expression. Our data show that neither gene was overexpressed in the breast cancer samples compared with normal breast tissue. Since GnRH agonists inhibit breast epithelial cell growth, the presence of GnRHR mRNA suggests that GnRH may specifically affect breast cell growth. Our data thus raise the possibility of an autocrine/paracrine role for GnRH in human mammary gland. Int. J. Cancer 71:595-599, 1997.r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide that stimulates, via a high-affinity membrane receptor (GnRHR), the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropin luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn promote development of gonadal functions (Clayton and Catt, 1981). The human GnRHR consists of 328 amino acids characterized by 7 transmembrane domains, a common feature of all G-protein-coupled receptors (Kakar et al., 1992).The existence of extra-pituitary GnRHR sites in humans is controversial. Northern blot analysis failed to detect GnRHR mRNAs in any of the non-pituitary tissues examined (Kakar et al., 1992). However, using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol, these mRNAs have been detected in granulosa-luteal cells (Peng et al., 1994) and in gynecological tumors including endometrial (Chatzaki et al., 1996) and ovarian tumors (Imai et al., 1994), as they were in breast and in prostate tumors (Kakar et al., 1994).The rationale for the chronic administration of potent GnRH analogs (GnRH-A) in therapy for hormone-dependent premenopausal breast cancer is based on the observed suppression of ovarian estrogen production resulting from the desensitization of the pituitary gland. In addition, evidence is accumulating that GnRH-A may also exert direct antiproliferative effects on breast cell lines via specific binding sites (Eidne et al., 1985(Eidne et al., , 1987Miller et al., 1985). This possibility has been strengthened by the identification by RT-PCR of mRNA for GnRHR in breast tissues (Kakar et al., 1994).The study of GnRH ...

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The gene for the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone is expressed in the mammary gland of lactating rats.

Cited by 49 publications

References 29 publications

Immunohistochemical Localization of Annexin A5 in the Mammary Gland of Rats: Up-Regulation of Expression by Pup Removal

Immunohistochemical Localization of Annexin A5 in the Mammary Gland of Rats: Up-Regulation of Expression by Pup Removal

Expression of the gene for the receptor of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in the rat mammary gland

The genes for gonadotropin-releasing hormone and its receptor are expressed in human breast with fibrocystic disease and cancer

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