The General Self-Efficacy of Older Adults Receiving Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background and Objectives General self-efficacy (GSE) encourages health-promoting behaviors in older adults. It is unsurprising then that older adults receiving health care services are reported to have a greater risk of low GSE than older adults who are not. Despite this, there is currently limited evidence investigating whether the effect differs based on the environment in which care is received. This review aims to determine whether the GSE of older adults is affected by the receipt of health care services and whether GSE varies based on the setting in which care is received. Research Design and Methods In accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration number CRD42018092191), a systematic search was undertaken across 7 databases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and mean General Self-Efficacy Scale scores, with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were pooled for meta-analysis. Results A total of 40 studies were identified, they consisted of 33 population cohorts that were included in the meta-analysis. Older adults receiving health care services were found to be at greater risk of having lower GSE than those who do not (SMD = −0.62; 95% CI: −0.96 to −0.27, p < .0001). Following identification of sources of heterogeneity, older adults receiving acute inpatient care were more likely to have lower GSE than those receiving care in other health care settings. Discussion and Implications Older adults receiving inpatient care have a greater risk of lower GSE, and consequently, poorer health-promoting behaviors. Further research is recommended that focuses on the GSE of older adults and health outcomes following discharge from inpatient care.

A Systematic Review and Correlational Meta-Analysis of Factors Associated With Resilience of Normally Aging, Community-Living Older Adults

“…Calculating the SD then enabled the lower CI for the mean age to be estimated. Similar methods have been reported in previous meta-analyses ( Jotheeswaran et al, 2016 ; Whitehall et al, 2021 ). Moore et al (2015) only reported the mean age of their participants; however, they used the same data set as Jeste et al (2013) which had a lower 95% CI of 76.55 years.…”

Psychometric Evaluation of the Making it CLEAR Questionnaire: A Resilience Measure for Older Adults

“…Given that receipt of acute hospital care may diminish the psychological resources of older adults ( Whitehall et al, 2020 ), the aim of this study was to validate the current iteration of the MiC questionnaire with a population of older adults ready for discharge from a medicine of the elderly (MoE) ward.…”

Social Support, General Self-Efficacy, Fear of Falling, and Physical Activity Among Older Adults in a Middle-Income Country

“…Participants’ mean general self-efficacy score was only 39% of the range of the scoring spectrum (10–40) thereby depicting a poor level of general self-efficacy. This may be a cause for concern considering the reported adverse effects of poor self-efficacy to health and well-being ( Whitehall et al, 2021 ). Though self-efficacy had been studied in different areas (including balance, falls, exercise, foot care and so on) among older adults ( Levy et al, 2020 ; Sharoni et al, 2018 ; Weiss & Perry, 2020 ), studies on general self-efficacy in this group are rather rare.…”