The generalized standard addition method: intermetallic interferences in anodic stripping voltammetry

Gerlach, Robert W; Kowalski, Bruce R.

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(01)84183-0

Cited by 52 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In the early years of Chemometrics, Kowalski and coworkers [7][8][9] had already proposed a multivariate version of the standard addition method, called generalised standard addition method (GSAM), which was successfully applied to data obtained by UV-vis spectrophotometry [10], inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy [11,12] and anodic stripping voltammetry [13]. The method is based on the classical least-squares calibration (CLS) of a 'signal increase' matrix obtained by subtracting the spectra of the sample from the original data matrix containing all the spectra measured after successive additions of standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate standard addition for the analysis of overlapping voltammetric signals in the presence of matrix effects: Application to the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Martínez

Ariño

Dı́az-Cruz

et al. 2018

Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems

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A multivariate version of the classical univariate standard addition method is tested as a proof of concept for the voltammetric analysis of complex samples generating overlapped signals in the presence of significant matrix effects. The proposed strategy applies a multivariate calibration method such as partial least squares (PLS) to the full voltammograms measured for the sample alone and after combined additions of a series of standard solutions (one for every analyte). Then, a calibration model is built and further applied to the prediction of the concentration added to a blank, i.e., a full voltammetric signal measured in the absence of analytes. The absolute value of such predicted concentration is taken as the concentration of the analyte in the sample. The method has been successfully tested in different natural water samples spiked with hydroquinone and catechol and appears to be a promising tool for the analysis of overlapped signals in complex matrices.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate standard addition for the analysis of overlapping voltammetric signals in the presence of matrix effects: Application to the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Martínez

Ariño

Dı́az-Cruz

et al. 2018

Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems

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“…However, other electrode materials are investigated in order to avoid the use of toxic mercury. Chemically modified electrodes (CME) are often applied to increase selectivity of metal ions determination [9,10]. The electrode surface can be modified by active species, which should selectively react with ions or other substances present in the electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical and Microgravimetric Investigations of Lead, Cadmium and Copper Deposition and Stripping on Solid Electrodes

2003

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Electroanalytical methods and quartz crystal microbalance were used to study the mechanisms of deposition and stripping of lead in the presence of cadmium or copper at solid electrodes. Interaction between atoms of different metals deposited on the electrode surface change the heights and potentials of the stripping peaks and cause major errors in metal determination. The formation of a solid solution during simultaneous electroreduction of Pb and Cu was confirmed. ASV determination of lead in the presence of cadmium also gives uncertain results because cadmium atoms are covered (blocked) by lead and can be oxidized together with lead at more positive potential.

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“…2 To overcome this drawback, a generalized standard addition method (GSAM) was proposed by Saxberg and Kowalski 3 , and has been applied to spectrophotometry [4][5][6] , inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) [7][8][9] , flame photometry 10 , graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 11 , stripping voltammetry 12 and potentiometric stripping analysis. 13 In spite of the fact that GSAM allows the correcting of matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , it is slow and laborious when carried out by manual procedures. 4,7,[11][12][13] This drawback has been surpassed using automated procedures 5,6,[8][9][10] to implement GSAM.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 In spite of the fact that GSAM allows the correcting of matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , it is slow and laborious when carried out by manual procedures. 4,7,[11][12][13] This drawback has been surpassed using automated procedures 5,6,[8][9][10] to implement GSAM. The first automated system for GSAM implementation was proposed by Kalivas and Kowalski 5 and applied to spectrophotometric determinations of nickel, cobalt and copper in synthetic samples.…”

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confidence: 99%

Implementation of a Generalized Standard Addition Method in a Flow Injection System Using Merging-Zones and Gradient Exploitation

Silva¹,

Martins

Araújo

et al. 1999

ANAL. SCI.

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The standard addition method (SAM) has been used to correct matrix effects in instrumental analysis. 1,2 However, SAM cannot be used when both spectral interferences and matrix effects are present, because inexact results can be obtained.2 To overcome this drawback, a generalized standard addition method (GSAM) was proposed by Saxberg and Kowalski 3 , and has been applied to spectrophotometry 4-6 , inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) 7-9 , flame photometry 10 , graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry 11 , stripping voltammetry 12 and potentiometric stripping analysis. 13 In spite of the fact that GSAM allows the correcting of matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] , it is slow and laborious when carried out by manual procedures. 4,7,[11][12][13] This drawback has been surpassed using automated procedures 5,6,[8][9][10] to implement GSAM. The first automated system for GSAM implementation was proposed by Kalivas and Kowalski 5 and applied to spectrophotometric determinations of nickel, cobalt and copper in synthetic samples. Standard and sample solutions were added to the recipient with magnetic agitation by pumping, and different addition levels were selected by weighing. After each addition step, the solutions were mixed and pumped towards the detector. The pump, balance, valves, magnetic stirrer, spectrophotometer and GSAM data treatment were operated under computer control. The system required large amounts of samples and reagents, and was characterized by a low sample throughput.Zagatto et al. 9 demonstrated that by using a flow injection system with merging-zones, the standard addition manipulations required for GSAM implementation of alloy analysis by ICP-AES could be significantly simplified and completed within a shorter period of time with less sample and reagent materials. In this system, both the sample and the standard solutions were injected into two separate carrier streams, merged at the confluence point where the zones were added to each other and mixing was improved inside the following coil, before the standard+sample zone reached the detector. By applying this system, a large set of added standard solutions should be prepared to permit different addition levels to be achieved.Giné et al. 8 demonstrated that a single standard solution per analyte was sufficient for GSAM implementation to rock analysis by ICP-AES, when a flow injection system with merging-zones approach and a zone-sampling process was utilized. In this system, a standard solution was introduced into the first carrier stream and, after a defined time interval, an aliquot of the standard dispersed zone was resampled and introduced into a second carrier stream, being added to the sample zone via the merging-zones approach. By selecting different time A novel strategy for implementing a generalized standard addition method (GSAM) in a simple two-channel flow injection (FI) system and for correcting matrix effects and spectral inter...

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The generalized standard addition method: intermetallic interferences in anodic stripping voltammetry

Cited by 52 publications

References 22 publications

Multivariate standard addition for the analysis of overlapping voltammetric signals in the presence of matrix effects: Application to the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Multivariate standard addition for the analysis of overlapping voltammetric signals in the presence of matrix effects: Application to the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and catechol

Electrochemical and Microgravimetric Investigations of Lead, Cadmium and Copper Deposition and Stripping on Solid Electrodes

Implementation of a Generalized Standard Addition Method in a Flow Injection System Using Merging-Zones and Gradient Exploitation

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