The Generation Model of Particle Physics

Abstract

Will-be-set-by-IN-TECHIn this section a summary of the current formulation of the SM is presented: the elementary particles and the fundamental interactions of the SM, and then the basic problem inherent in the SM. Elementary particles of the SMIn the SM the elementary particles that are the constituents of matter are assumed to be the six leptons: electron neutrino (ν e ), electron (e − ), muon neutrino (ν µ ), muon (µ − ), tau neutrino (ν τ ), tau (τ − ) and the six quarks: up (u), down (d), charmed (c), strange (s), top (t) and bottom (b), together with their antiparticles. These twelve particles are all spin-1 2 particles and fall naturally into three families or generations:Each generation consists of two leptons with charges Q = 0 and Q = −1 and two quarks with charges Q =+ 2 3 and Q = − 1 3 . The masses of the particles increase significantly with each generation with the possible exception of the neutrinos, whose very small masses have yet to be determined.In the SM the leptons and quarks are allotted several additive quantum numbers: charge Q, lepton number L, muon lepton number L µ , tau lepton number L τ , baryon number A, strangeness S, charm C, bottomness B and topness T. These are given in Table 1. For each particle additive quantum number N, the corresponding antiparticle has the additive quantum number −N. Table 1. SM additive quantum numbers for leptons and quarks Table 1 demonstrates that, except for charge, leptons and quarks are allotted different kinds of additive quantum numbers so that this classification of the elementary particles in the SM is non-unified.The additive quantum numbers Q and A are assumed to be conserved in strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions. The lepton numbers L, L µ and L τ are not involved in strong interactions but are strictly conserved in both electromagnetic and weak interactions. The remainder, S, C, B and T are strictly conserved only in strong and electromagnetic interactions but can undergo a change of one unit in weak interactions.The quarks have an additional additive quantum number called "color charge", which can take three values so that in effect we have three kinds of each quark, u, d, etc. These are often

The Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem

“…The current version of the GM is described in detail in Reference [5]. There are three essential differences between this GM and the SM: 1) the classification of the leptons and quarks in terms of additive quantum numbers; 2) the roles played by the mass eigenstate quarks and the weak eigenstate quarks; and 3) the nature of the weak interactions.…”

“…In the GM, both leptons and quarks have a substructure, consisting of spin-1/2 massless particles, rishons and/or antirishons, each of which carries a single color charge. The term "rishon" from the Hebrew word for "first" or "pri- The substructure of leptons and quarks is described in detail in Reference [5].…”

“…In Section 3 we shall introduce the GM of particle physics [5] and summarize the essential differences between the GM and the SM. In Section 4 we shall show how the GM naturally provides an understanding of the asymmetry problem in terms of composite leptons and quarks.…”

“…In the Generation Model (GM) [5] (see Section 3), the elementary matter particles are "rishons" and the elementary antimatter particles are "antirishons" so that electrons, neutrons and protons are not all matter.…”

Cosmological Consequences of a Quantum Theory of Mass and Gravity

“…This alternative model, named the Generation Model (GM) [2], not only describes all the transition probabilities for interactions involving all the elementary particles of the SM but also provides new paradigms, including the origin of both mass [3] and gravity [4].…”