The Generation of Nanoparticles in Miniemulsions

Landfester, Katharina

doi:10.1002/1521-4095(200105)13:10<765::aid-adma765>3.0.co;2-f

Cited by 348 publications

(262 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…63 The advantage is the considerably less amount of surfactant needed for successful droplet stabilization as well as the versatility of this approach with respect to the utilization of different monomers, 64 the incorporation of functional compounds [65][66][67][68] and the precise adjustment of the droplets and particles size. 69 Miniemulsification is generally achieved by applying high shear forces to a pre-emulsion of droplets in a continuous phase.…”

Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…63,[69][70] While the presence of either a sterical or electrostatic surfactant prevents these droplets from coalescence, the kinetic stabilization is accomplished by the suppression of Ostwald ripening by the addition of a costabilizer to the dispersed phase. [71][72] The negligible solubility of this compound in the continuous phase creates an osmotic pressure in the droplets, thus counteracting the Laplace pressure.…”

Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to microemulsions, also miniemulsions can either be realized as direct (W/O) or inverse (O/W) systems. While the first case is a well established approach to solid polymeric latexes by free radical polymerization of hydrophobic monomers, 63,70 the inverse method gives rise to the formation of hydrogel nanoparticles by diverse synthetic pathways. 37 One approach is the free radical copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers with crosslinking agents in dispersed droplets of either aqueous solutions of these compounds or their mixture without additional solvent.…”

Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…nile red as functional dye -is easily achieved. [63][64] Since the composition of the final latex particles resembles the composition of the monomer phase, all functionalities incorporated are equally distributed in each particle.…”

Section: Photo-resist Nanoparticles: Light-induced Degradation Of Hydmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Photo-Cleavable Chromophores

Klinger

2013

Springer Theses

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This thesis focuses on the design, synthesis and characterization of novel photo-sensitive microgels and nanoparticles as potential materials for the loading and light-triggered release/accessibility of functional compounds. In order to realize this concept, different approaches to irradiation-dependent response mechanisms have been investigated.Novel light-cleavable divinyl functionalized monomeric crosslinkers based on o-nitrobenzyl derivatives were synthesized and used for the preparation of either PMMA or hydroxyl functionalized PHEMA microgels swellable and degradable in organic solvents. By the introduction of anionic MAA moieties into the PHEMA microgels, this concept was successfully transferred to double stimuli-responsive p(HEMA-co-MAA) hydrogel nanoparticles exhibiting a pH-dependent swelling and light-induced degradation behavior in aqueous media. This sensitivity to two orthogonal triggers is proposed to combine a pHinduced post-formation loading mechanism with a pH-and light-triggered release. In addition, a new class of enzyme-and light-sensitive PAAm microgels based on (meth-)acrylate functionalized dextrans as photo-and enzymatically degradable macromolecular crosslinkers was developed by introducing a photo-labile linker between the enzymatically degradable dextran chain and the polymerizable vinyl moieties. Here, the water solubility of the crosslinkers is assumed to enable an in situ loading approach of hydrophilic compounds.A different approach to the loading of microgels is based on photo-labile covalent microgel-drug conjugates. The first step to the realization of this concept was achieved by the development of a novel functional monomer consisting of a doxorubicin molecule covalently attached to a radically polymerizable methacrylate group via a photo-cleavable linker.Moreover, in order to enable the release of hydrophobic substances in aqueous media, hydrophobic nanoparticles consisting of a photo-resist polymer were designed to be degradable upon irradiation in water. Light-triggered conversion of the initial hydrophobic polymer into hydrophilic PMAA induced in situ particle dissolution and release of nile red.Since the introduction of a stimuli-responsive shell around a microgel is assumed to prevent leakage of embedded compounds, studies on non-stimuli-responsive shell formation around preformed microgel seed particles and the formation of microgel cores in polymeric shells were conducted to investigate potential synthetic pathways to this approach.In a last attempt, the surface of PHEMA and p(HEMA-co-MAA) microgels was functionalized with cinnamoyl groups in order to trigger the (reversible) particles interaction with each other by light-induced [2+2] cycloaddition reactions.

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Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microgel Synthesis In Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Photo-resist Nanoparticles: Light-induced Degradation Of Hydmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Photo-Cleavable Chromophores

Klinger

2013

Springer Theses

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“…(i) Initially, CPNs were prepared via an emulsion technique that was described by Landfester and co-workers [101][102][103][104]. The polymer solution is added into surfactant-containing water, and the mixture is sonicated for a short time until a homogeneous size distribution of the droplets is obtained in the resulting miniemulsion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorene-based macromolecular nanostructures and nanomaterials for organic (opto)electronics

Xie

Yang

Lin

et al. 2013

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Nanotechnology not only opens up the realm of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, but also upgrades organic thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. In this review, we introduce polymer semiconductors and plastic electronics briefly, followed by various top-down and bottom-up nano approaches to organic electronics. Subsequently, we highlight the progress in polyfluorene-based nanoparticles and nanowires (nanofibres), their tunable optoelectronic properties as well as their applications in polymer light-emitting devices, solar cells, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, lasers, optical waveguides and others. Finally, an outlook is given with regard to four-element complex devices via organic nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing that will spread to areas such as organic mechatronics in the framework of robotic-directed science and technology.

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Process Intensification, 4. Plant Level

Freund

Sundmacher

2011

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Heat‐Integrated Chemical Reactors 2.1. Autothermal Fixed‐Bed Reactor Concepts 2.1.1. Weakly Exothermic Reactions 2.1.2. Combination of Exo‐ and Endothermic Reactions 2.2. Desorptive Cooling of Reactors 3. Reactive Separations 3.1. Reactive Distillation 3.2. Reactive Stripping 3.3. Reactive Absorption 3.4. Reactive Extraction 3.5. Reactive Crystallization 3.6. Reactive Adsorption 3.6.1. Discontinuous Chromatographic Reactors 3.6.2. Continuous Chromatographic Reactors 3.6.3. Sorption‐Enhanced Reactors 3.7. Membrane Reactors 4. Other Intensification Concepts on the Plant Level 4.1. Hybrid Separations 4.2. Reactive Mechanical Unit Operations

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The Generation of Nanoparticles in Miniemulsions

Cited by 348 publications

References 16 publications

Light-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Photo-Cleavable Chromophores

Light-Sensitive Polymeric Nanoparticles Based on Photo-Cleavable Chromophores

Fluorene-based macromolecular nanostructures and nanomaterials for organic (opto)electronics

Process Intensification, 4. Plant Level

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