The genesis of Climax-type porphyry Mo deposits: Insights from fluid inclusions and melt inclusions

Audétat, Andreas; Li, Wanting

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.05.018

Cited by 109 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Unlike the Climax-type Mo deposits, which typically develop in backarc or intracontinental rifts and are associated with alkaline magmas [1], the porphyry Mo deposits in the Chinese Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt are related to high-K calcalkaline to shoshonitic magmas generated in syn-to postcollisional tectonic settings and therefore have been suggested to belong to a new class of Dabie-type (or collision-type) porphyry Mo deposits [7,[10][11][12]. However, recently Audétat and Li [13] argued that some of the previously proposed Dabie-type deposits can still be classified as Climax-type. Northeastern China has become the largest Mo ore region in China with the continuous discoveries of many porphyry [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nature and evolution of the fluids associated with porphyry Mo mineralization have been well documented through mineralogical, stable isotopic, melt and fluid inclusion studies [2,3,7,10,[12][13][14]. It is generally accepted that both the Climax-and the Dabie-type Mo deposits are related to hydrothermal fluids with high contents of F and H 2 O but variable CO 2 [7,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that both the Climax-and the Dabie-type Mo deposits are related to hydrothermal fluids with high contents of F and H 2 O but variable CO 2 [7,13]. Fluid boiling assemblages have been recognized in almost all porphyry Mo deposits [7,10,12,13]. However, it was proposed that boiling is not the major factor controlling Mo precipitation for the Climax-type Mo deposits [13], although it has been suggested to have played a role in ore deposition for the Chinese Dabie-type Mo deposits by some Chinese geologists [7,10,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fluid boiling assemblages have been recognized in almost all porphyry Mo deposits [7,10,12,13]. However, it was proposed that boiling is not the major factor controlling Mo precipitation for the Climax-type Mo deposits [13], although it has been suggested to have played a role in ore deposition for the Chinese Dabie-type Mo deposits by some Chinese geologists [7,10,12]. Till present the origin and evolution of fluids forming the porphyry Mo deposits in NE China have been rarely investigated [15][16][17], and the formation conditions and mechanisms remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Haisugou Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Northern Xilamulun District, NE China

Shu¹,

Lai²

2017

Geofluids

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The Haisugou porphyry Mo deposit is located in the northern Xilamulun district, northeastern China. Based on alteration and mineralization styles and crosscutting relationships, the hydrothermal evolution in Haisugou can be divided into three stages: an early potassic alteration stage with no significant metal deposition, a synmineralization sericite-chlorite alteration stage with extensive Mo precipitation, and a postmineralization stage characterized by barren quartz and minor calcite and fluorite. The coexistence of high-salinity brine inclusions with low-salinity inclusions both in potassic alteration stage (∼440 ∘ C) and locally in the early time of mineralization stage (380-320 ∘ C) indicates the occurrence of fluid boiling. The positive correlations between the homogenization temperatures and the salinities of the fluids and the low oxygen isotopic compositions ( 18 O fluid < 3‰) of the syn-to postmineralization quartz together suggest the mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water, which dominated the whole mineralization process. The early boiling fluids were not responsible for ore precipitation, whereas the mixing with meteoric water, which resulted in temperature decrease and dilution that significantly reduced the metal solubility, should have played the major role in Mo mineralization. Combined fluid inclusion microthermometry and chlorite geothermometer results reveal that ore deposition mainly occurred between 350 and 290 ∘ C in Haisugou.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Haisugou Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Northern Xilamulun District, NE China

Shu¹,

Lai²

2017

Geofluids

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The role of magma sources, oxygen fugacity, and fractionation in determining the Jiudingshan porphyry‐skarn Cu–Mo deposit in Western Yunnan, China

et al. 2020

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The Jiudingshan Cu-Mo deposit is spatially and temporally associated with potassic granitic intrusions (monzogranitic porphyry and porphyritic-like granite) in a postcollisional intracontinental setting in Western Yangtze Craton, Western Yunnan, China. Zircon U-Pb dating for granitoids yields the crystallization age of 34.2-35.1 Ma, and that of lamprophyre and diabase is ca. 35 Ma as well. Whole-rock geochemical data suggest that the granitoids belong to high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonite series, and are characterized by enrichment of K, Rb, U, and Th, and depletion ofSr, Ba, Nb, Ta, Ti, and P. The lamprophyre is characterized by high-K (K 2 O/Na 2 O = 3-5), belonging to shoshonite series, and the diabase contains lower K (K 2 O/Na 2 O < 0.5), belonging to calc-alkaline series. A few mafic rock samples have significantly higher REE contents than the granite counterparts. Geochemistry results indicate that the mafic intrusions are not the source of granitic intrusions. Combined with published isotope data, we conclude that the granitic intrusions were most likely originated from partial melting of a Neoproterozoic intra-crustal amphibolitic source, but mixed with a mantle-derived component; while the mafic intrusions were originated from partial melting of an EM II mantle source. Felsic magmas from dual sources of crust and mantle could provide Mo and Cu for mineralization, respectively. Trace element analysis of zircons shows that the initial magmas had high oxygen fugacity, which is favourable for the migration of Cu and Mo. Moreover, it can be recognized from the whole-rock major and trace element data that a relatively weak fractionation occurred during magmatic evolution, which made Mo enriched to a certain extent and at the same time, part of Cu remained in the melt, eventually forming the Jiudingshan Cu-Mo system.

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Genesis and fluid evolution of the Yuku porphyry Mo deposit, East Qinling orogen, China

Xue

Wang

et al. 2021

Geological Journal

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The Yuku is a large porphyry Mo deposit (1.5 Mt at 0.12% Mo) in the Luanchuan ore district of the East Qinling orogen, central China. The economic Mo ore bodies occur as veins, veinlets, and disseminated ore and are developed mainly within the late Mesozoic Yuku porphyritic granite. Molybdenum mineralization is generally associated with potassic and phyllic alteration. Hydrothermal processes in the Yuku deposit are divided into four stages: (I) a quartz–K‐feldspar–biotite ± pyrite stage, (II) a quartz–molybdenite ± pyrite ± K‐feldspar ± sericite stage, (III) a quartz–polymetallic sulphide stage, and (IV) a calcite ± quartz ± fluorite ± pyrite stage. The fluid evolution during these hydrothermal stages was constrained through systematic investigation of fluid inclusions (FIs) and H−O isotopes. Four types of primary or pseudosecondary FIs were recognized in hydrothermal quartz and calcite: two‐phase liquid‐rich inclusions (L‐type), two‐phase vapour‐rich inclusions (V‐type), halite‐bearing (hypersaline) inclusions (H‐type), and three‐phase CO2‐bearing inclusions (C‐type). FIs within Stages I–IV have homogenization temperatures of 375 to >550, 297–400, 198–298, and 149–188°C, with salinities of 0.53–13.18, 0.35–40.23, 5.11–11.81, and 5.71–9.73 wt% NaCl equiv., respectively. In Stage I, coexisting vapour‐rich (V‐type) and liquid‐rich (L‐type) FIs have similar homogenization temperatures (488 to >550°C) and distinct salinities, indicating fluid boiling during the formation of quartz–K‐feldspar–biotite veins at a pressure of 550–700 bar and a lithostatic depth of 2.3–2.8 km. In Stage II, FIs in quartz were also trapped under boiling conditions, as evidenced by coexisting hypersaline H‐type (34.13–40.23 wt% NaCl equiv.) and low‐salinity V‐type (0.35–2.24 wt% NaCl equiv.) inclusions, which formed at temperatures of 309–361°C and hydrostatic depths of 1.0–2.0 km, equivalent to pressures of 100–200 bar. During Stage III, the ore‐forming fluids were cooler (198–298°C) and more dilute (5.11–11.81 wt% NaCl equiv.) due to the involvement of meteoric water, with minimum trapping pressures estimated at <100–150 bar, corresponding to a hydrostatic depth of <1.0 km. In Stage IV, temperatures decreased further to 149–188°C, with lower salinities (5.71–9.73 wt% NaCl equiv.), indicating a post‐ore fluid stage. These data suggest that the mineralizing fluids forming the Yuku Mo deposit changed from early moderate‐ to low‐salinity CO2‐rich fluids in the H2O–NaCl–CO2 system that formed at high temperature and pressure, to late H2O–NaCl low‐salinity fluids that formed at low temperature and pressure. H−O isotopic compositions indicate that the mineralizing fluids had a dominantly magmatic signature but were diluted by meteoric waters. Combining our integrated analysis of the fluid evolution and deposit geology, we propose that fluid boiling and fluid–rock interaction, including intensive potassic alteration, changed the salinity and triggered CO2 escape, leading to a decrease in fO2 and an increase in the acidity of the ore‐forming fluids...

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The genesis of Climax-type porphyry Mo deposits: Insights from fluid inclusions and melt inclusions

Cited by 109 publications

References 99 publications

Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Haisugou Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Northern Xilamulun District, NE China

Fluid Inclusion and Oxygen Isotope Constraints on the Origin and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Haisugou Porphyry Mo Deposit in the Northern Xilamulun District, NE China

The role of magma sources, oxygen fugacity, and fractionation in determining the Jiudingshan porphyry‐skarn Cu–Mo deposit in Western Yunnan, China

Genesis and fluid evolution of the Yuku porphyry Mo deposit, East Qinling orogen, China

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