The genetic diversity of bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) from different papillomatosis cases in dairy cows in Turkey

Abstract

Papillomaviruses (PVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. In bovines specifically, 13 types of Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are currently described in the literature, although the actual number may be greater than 20. BPV types are classified into four genera based on homology within the genomic regions of the L1 ORF, the most conserved sequence. This study conducted molecular typing of BPV in dairy cows with different papillomatosis cases and investigated the presence of co-infections across distinct BPV types in the same sample. After carrying out PCR using degenerate primers and type specific primers, 35 BPV suspected samples were detected as positive for BPV and these samples were used for typing using sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. This analysis identified BPV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9 and -10, new putative types (BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in the 35 BPV-positive samples. In addition, co-infections across different BPV types were widely detected in the BPV-positive samples. This study shows that PCR assays using degenerate primers to amplify partial fragments of the L1 gene followed by sequencing is useful for genotyping BPV. However, results need confirmation using type-specific primers in order to consider co-infections. In addition, this study identified a new putative type (in the same cluster as BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in teat papillomatosis of Turkish dairy cows. The study shows that it is essential to identify BPV types and their prevalence/distribution, and also to determine the clinical consequences of infection for the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic procedures.

Molecular Characterization and Developing a Point-of-Need Molecular Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Papillomavirus (BPV) Type 1 in Cattle from Egypt

“…The virus was molecularly identified based on the amplification and sequencing of L1 gene fragments. As shown, a lower prevalence (3.6%) of BPV-1 infection was found in this study than previous studies either at the national or international level [ 18 , 19 , 45 , 46 ]. This difference might be attributed to various factors, including differences in cattle management systems, sampling locations, and sample sizes [ 10 , 47 , 48 ].…”

Molecular detection and immunopathological examination of Deltapapillomavirus 4 in skin and udder of Egyptian cattle

“…The benign skin and mucous membrane warts are mainly caused by the epitheliotropic papillomaviruses (PVs) [ 1 ], which are small, non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses with circular genomes [ 2 ]. According to the conserved late (L1) gene, the most common 13 BPVs types are found in the four genera Xipapillomavirus , Deltapapillomavirus , Epsilonpapillomavirus , and Dyoxipapillomavirus [ 1 , 3 ].…”

“…Infection to other animals might occur through milk, semen, and urine or vertically transmitted to the offspring [ 8 ]. It was reported that coinfection with different BPV types might occur in the same animal [ 1 ]. Although PVs are highly host-specific that usually do not cross species barriers, new variants could evolve if mutations accumulate within the virus genome.…”

“…Identification and molecular characterization of BPV types are important for the disease control. Molecular techniques remain important tools for diagnostic purposes, particularly in determining asymptomatic carriers within the herd [ 1 , 13 ]. Few studies about the situation of this virus in Egypt focus mainly on histopathological examination [ 14 ] and different treatment regimens of the resulted surgical wounds [ 15 ].…”

Treatment of Bovine papillomavirus-induced teat warts in a cow by using Podophyllin magistral formula and autologous vaccine applications together

“…Thirteen types of BPV have been identified in cattle (De Villiers et al 2004). BPV type 1-11 can cause teat warts in dairy cattle (Dagalp et al 2017;Ogawa et al 2004). These types might cause teat warts as single or various combinations.…”