The genetics of floral development differentiating two species of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Fenster, Charles B.; Diggle, Pamela K.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Ritland, Kermit

doi:10.1038/hdy.1995.39

Cited by 74 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…High-elevation, higher-latitude, and desert species or populations frequently have rapid development due to the ephemeral nature of the environments where they occur. In cases where development has been studied in detail, earlier fl owering is often associated with smaller fl owers that are often of a more juvenilized form than populations or species from which they are evolutionarily derived ( Guerrant, 1989 ;Diggle, 1992 ;Hill et al, 1992 ;Fenster et al, 1995 ;Runions and Geber, 2000 ). Although our research did not include a detailed description of whole-plant development, we show that fl ower size, known to be inversely related to whole-plant time to reproductive maturity and moisture availability in Collinsia parvifl ora ( Elle, 2004 ), is also inversely related to within-fl ower development rates and total fl ower lifetime.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the timing of autonomous selfing among populations that differ in flower size, time to reproductive maturity, and climate

Elle

Gillespie

Guindre‐Parker

et al. 2010

American J of Botany

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• Premise of the study: Early reproductive maturity is common in dry and ephemeral habitats and often associated with smaller fl owers with increased potential for within-fl ower (autonomous) self-pollination. We investigated whether populations from locations that differ in moisture availability, known to vary for whole-plant development rate, also varied in the timing of autonomous selfi ng. This timing is of interest because the modes of selfi ng (prior, competing, and delayed) have different fi tness consequences.• Methods: We measured timing of anther dehiscence, stigma receptivity, and herkogamy under pollinator-free conditions for plants from three populations of Collinsia parvifl ora that differed in annual precipitation, fl ower size, and time to sexual maturity. Using a manipulative experiment, we determined potential seed production via prior, competing, and delayed autonomous selfi ng for each population.• Key results: Stigma receptivity, anther dehiscence, and selfi ng ability covaried with whole-plant development and climate.Plants from the driest site, which reached sexual maturity earliest, had receptive stigmas and dehiscent anthers in bud. Most seeds were produced via prior selfi ng. The population from the wettest site with slowest development was not receptive until after fl owers opened. Although competing selfi ng was possible, all selfi ng was delayed. The intermediate population was between these extremes, with signifi cant contributions from both competing and delayed selfi ng.• Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that within-species variation in the timing of selfi ng occurs and is related to both environmental conditions and whole-plant development rates. We suggest that, if these results can be generalized to other species, mating systems may evolve in response to ongoing climatic change.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the timing of autonomous selfing among populations that differ in flower size, time to reproductive maturity, and climate

Elle

Gillespie

Guindre‐Parker

et al. 2010

American J of Botany

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“…Flower size is positively genetically correlated to date of first flower in some populations of M. guttalus (Carr and Fenster, 1994) and flowers of M. micranthus develop at both a faster rate and shorter period than flowers of M. guttatus (Fenster et al, 1995). Furthermore, in M. guttatus, selfing ensures early fertilization of ovules under field conditions compared to outcrossing flowers which may require several days of pollinator visits for full seed-set (Dudash and Ritland, 1991).…”

Section: Evolutionary Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Genetics of sex allocation in Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Fenster¹,

Carr²

1997

J of Evolutionary Biology

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Theoretical models of the evolution of resource allocation patterns to male and female function make the assumption that there are inherent trade-offs between the two. Here we use a quantitative genetic approach to quantify trade-offs between male and female function and to determine whether plant populations could readily respond to natural selection by quantifying the amount of genetic variation for pollen and ovule production. Both intra-and interspecific crossing designs were applied to two populations of the predominantly outcrossing Mimulus guttatus and two populations of the highly selfing congener, M. micranthus.The only significant correlations observed among pollen number, pollen size and ovule number were positive. Positive genetic correlations among the traits were sometimes reduced after removing the effect of flower size but still no significant negative correlations were detected. These results suggest that positive correlations between pollen and ovule production may be due to the joint positive correlation of these characters with the resource pool available for pollen and ovule production, as reflected by flower size. Heritabilities were moderate to high for ovule production but low for pollen number and pollen size and suggest that responses to selection would differ between the two traits. Crosses between the species revealed that there are additional genetic factors contributing to differences between the two species for corolla width, vs. pollen:ovule ratio. This is consistent with the hypothesis that genetic variation for resource acquisition may in part be responsible for the overall lack of a negative correlation between pollen and ovule production and provides a genetic explanation for little evidence of trade-offs between sexual functions in Mimulus. 641 642

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“…Either the duration of flower growth has been strongly reduced in the selfer with a concomitant increase in the rate of growth, leading in sum to smaller flower organs (e.g., in Clarkia xantiana, Mimulus, or Limnanthes) (Guerrant, 1988;Fenster et al, 1995;Runions and Geber, 2000) or a substantially reduced rate of growth has caused the decrease in flower size despite a prolonged period of growth, such as seen in Arenaria uniflora (Hill et al, 1992). These different patterns are thought to reflect, in part, different ecological scenarios that have driven the evolution of the selfing lineage (Runions and Geber, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics, Evolution, and Adaptive Significance of the Selfing Syndrome in the GenusCapsella

et al. 2011

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The change from outbreeding to selfing is one of the most frequent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. It is often accompanied by characteristic morphological and functional changes to the flowers (the selfing syndrome), including reduced flower size and opening. Little is known about the developmental and genetic basis of the selfing syndrome, as well as its adaptive significance. Here, we address these issues using the two closely related species Capsella grandiflora (the ancestral outbreeder) and red shepherd's purse (Capsella rubella, the derived selfer). In C. rubella, petal size has been decreased by shortening the period of proliferative growth. Using interspecific recombinant inbred lines, we show that differences in petal size and flower opening between the two species each have a complex genetic basis involving allelic differences at multiple loci. An intraspecific cross within C. rubella suggests that flower size and opening have been decreased in the C. rubella lineage before its extensive geographical spread. Lastly, by generating plants that likely resemble the earliest ancestors of the C. rubella lineage, we provide evidence that evolution of the selfing syndrome was at least partly driven by selection for efficient self-pollination. Thus, our studies pave the way for a molecular dissection of selfingsyndrome evolution.

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The genetics of floral development differentiating two species of Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Cited by 74 publications

References 49 publications

Variation in the timing of autonomous selfing among populations that differ in flower size, time to reproductive maturity, and climate

Variation in the timing of autonomous selfing among populations that differ in flower size, time to reproductive maturity, and climate

Genetics of sex allocation in Mimulus (Scrophulariaceae)

Genetics, Evolution, and Adaptive Significance of the Selfing Syndrome in the GenusCapsella

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