The genome of jojoba (
            <i>Simmondsia chinensis</i>
            ): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds

Sturtevant, Drew; Lu, Shaoping; Zhou, Zhi; Shen, Yin; Wang, Shuo; Song, Jia‐Ming; Zhong, Jinshun; Burks, David J.; Yang, Zhi; Yang, Qing; Cannon, Ashley E.; Herrfurth, Cornelia; Feußner, Ivo; Borisjuk, Ljudmilla; Muñz, E.; Verbeck, Guido F.; Wang, Xuexia; Azad, Rajeev K.; Singleton, Brenda; Dyer, John M.; Chen, Ling Ling; Chapman, Kent D.; Guo, Liang

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay3240

Cited by 68 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…In early times, those WE were obtained from spermaceti organs of sperm whale (Röttig and Steinbüchel, 2013). Since the banning of whale hunting, WE are industrially produced from fossil fuel or plant‐derived TAG or are extracted from the expensive seeds of the slow‐growing desert plant jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis , S. chinensis ) (Sturtevant et al, 2020). Nowadays, attempts to produce WE in transgenic plants in an industrial scale are steadily increasing (Heilmann et al, 2012; Iven et al, 2016; Lardizabal et al, 2000; Ruiz‐Lopez et al, 2017; Yu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8

Vollheyde¹,

Yu²,

Hornung³

et al. 2020

Lipids

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Wax esters (WE) belong to the class of neutral lipids. They are formed by an esterification of a fatty alcohol and an activated fatty acid. Dependent on the chain length and desaturation degree of the fatty acid and the fatty alcohol moiety, WE can have diverse physicochemical properties. WE derived from monounsaturated long-chain acyl moieties are of industrial interest due to their very good lubrication properties. Whereas WE were obtained in the past from spermaceti organs of the sperm whale, industrial WE are nowadays mostly produced chemically from fossil fuels. In order to produce WE more sustainably, attempts to produce industrial WE in transgenic plants are steadily increasing. To achieve this, different combinations of WE producing enzymes are expressed in developing Arabidopsis thaliana or Camelina sativa seeds. Here we report the identification and characterization of a fifth wax synthase from the organism Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, MaWSD5. It belongs to the class of bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (WSD). The protein was purified to homogeneity. In vivo and in vitro substrate analyses revealed that MaWSD5 is able to synthesize WE but no triacylglycerols. The protein produces WE from saturated and monounsaturated mid-and long-chain substrates. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds expressing a fatty acid reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and MaWSD5 produce WE. Main WE synthesized are 20:1/18:1 and 20:1/ 20:1. This makes MaWSD5 a suitable candidate for industrial WE production in planta. Keywords Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 Á Neutral lipids Á Seed oil Á Storage lipids Á Wax ester Á Wax synthase/acyl CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase Lipids (2020) 55: 479-494. Abbreviations A. baylyi Acinetobacter baylyi A. calcoaceticus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, nowadays: Acinetobacter baylyi A. thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana aa amino acids AbWSD1 Acinetobacter baylyi WSD1, Ac1, AtfA ACP acyl carrier protein ATP adenosine triphosphate C. sativa Camelina sativa Supporting information Additional supporting information may be found online in the Supporting Information section at the end of the article.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8

Vollheyde¹,

Yu²,

Hornung³

et al. 2020

Lipids

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“…Apart from lipids, jojoba seeds are composed of proteins (15% of fresh weight), carbohydrates and starch (10%), water (5-10%), and seed coat (5-10%) [3,4]. Wax esters are stored in lipid droplets (frequently called wax bodies), spherical storage organelles with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 μm, which localize in cotyledons [5][6][7][8]. Major surface proteins of wax bodies include oleosins, caleosins, steroleosins and lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wax esters are stored in lipid droplets (frequently called wax bodies), spherical storage organelles with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 μm, which localize in cotyledons [5][6][7][8]. Major surface proteins of wax bodies include oleosins, caleosins, steroleosins and lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) [8]. Jojoba wax esters are valuable compounds with numerous important commercial applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, and are difficult to synthesize chemically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lipases of germinating jojoba seeds efficiently hydrolyze triacylglycerols and wax esters and display wax ester-synthesizing activity

et al. 2021

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Background Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) is the only plant known to store wax esters instead of triacylglycerols in its seeds. Wax esters are composed of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols and constitute up to 60% of the jojoba seed weight. During jojoba germination, the first step of wax ester mobilization is catalyzed by lipases. To date, none of the jojoba lipase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized. In this study, we monitored mobilization of storage reserves during germination of jojoba seeds and performed detailed characterization of the jojoba lipases using microsomal fractions isolated from germinating seeds. Results During 26 days of germination, we observed a 60–70% decrease in wax ester content in the seeds, which was accompanied by the reduction of oleosin amounts and increase in glucose content. The activity of jojoba lipases in the seed microsomal fractions increased in the first 50 days of germination. The enzymes showed higher activity towards triacylglycerols than towards wax esters. The maximum lipase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH around 7 for triacylglycerols and 6.5–8 for wax esters. The enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various wax esters containing saturated and unsaturated acyl and alcohol moieties. We also demonstrated that jojoba lipases possess wax ester-synthesizing activity when free fatty alcohols and different acyl donors, including triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, are used as substrates. For esterification reactions, the enzyme utilized both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, with the preference towards long chain and very long chain compounds. Conclusions In in vitro assays, jojoba lipases catalyzed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and different wax esters in a broad range of temperatures. In addition, the enzymes had the ability to synthesize wax esters in the backward reaction. Our data suggest that jojoba lipases may be more similar to other plant lipases than previously assumed.

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“…N50 of contigs is plotted against the genome coverage. Genome sizes used to calculate coverage were, jojoba, 1003Mb[14]; avocado, 920Mb[24] and as infigure 1for Macadamia species Decrease in length of total assembly as more genome coverage is used in the assembly Improvement in genome completeness (BUSCO%) with genome coverage…”

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Improvements in the Sequencing and Assembly of Plant Genomes

Sharma

Al-Dossary

Alsubaie

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundAdvances in DNA sequencing have reduced the difficulty of sequencing and assembling plant genomes. A range of methods for long read sequencing and assembly have been recently compared and we now extend the earlier study and report a comparison with more recent methods.ResultsUpdated Oxford Nanopore Technology software supported improved assemblies. The use of more accurate sequences produced by repeated sequencing of the same molecule (PacBio HiFi) resulted in much less fragmented assembly of sequencing reads. The use of more data to give increased genome coverage resulted in longer contigs (higher N50) but reduced the total length of the assemblies and improved genome completeness (BUSCO). The original model species, Macadamia jansenii, a basal eudicot, was also compared with the 3 other Macadamia species and with avocado (Persea americana), a magnoliid, and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) a core eudicot. In these phylogenetically diverse angiosperms, increasing sequence data volumes also caused a highly linear increase in contig size, decreased assembly length and further improved already high completeness. Differences in genome size and sequence complexity apparently influenced the success of assembly from these different species.ConclusionsAdvances in long read sequencing technology have continued to significantly improve the results of sequencing and assembly of plant genomes. However, results were consistently improved by greater genome coverage (using an increased number of reads) with the amount needed to achieve a particular level of assembly being species dependant.

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The genome of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis ): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds

Cited by 68 publications

References 104 publications

The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8

The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8

Lipases of germinating jojoba seeds efficiently hydrolyze triacylglycerols and wax esters and display wax ester-synthesizing activity

Improvements in the Sequencing and Assembly of Plant Genomes

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