The Genus Moraxella

Hays, John P.

doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-x_38

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 332 publications

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“…Further, though previously thought to be a commensal of the upper respiratory tract, the bacterium is now increasingly recognized as a true pathogen of both the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract of humans. It is the third most common bacterial cause of childhood otitis media (OM) after Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, and it is responsible for up to 20% of cases (58,146,149). Next to H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis is the second most common cause of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), estimated to be responsible for 10 to 15% of these exacerbations, which accounts for 2 to 4 million episodes in the United States per year (99,132).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects ofMoraxella catarrhalisPathogenesis

Vries

Bootsma

Hays

et al. 2009

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARY In recent years, Moraxella catarrhalis has established its position as an important human mucosal pathogen, no longer being regarded as just a commensal bacterium. Further, current research in the field has led to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in M. catarrhalis pathogenesis, including mechanisms associated with cellular adherence, target cell invasion, modulation of the host's immune response, and metabolism. Additionally, in order to be successful in the host, M. catarrhalis has to be able to interact and compete with the commensal flora and overcome stressful environmental conditions, such as nutrient limitation. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with M. catarrhalis virulence and pathogenesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Aspects ofMoraxella catarrhalisPathogenesis

Vries

Bootsma

Hays

et al. 2009

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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“…1,2 The species is frequently associated with respiratory tract infections, including acute and chronic otitis media, sinusitis, acute bronchitis and pneumonia. 3 However, a general division tends to exist between the frequency of M. catarrhalis isolation in upper and lower respiratory tract infection between children and adults, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

bro β-lactamase and antibiotic resistances in a global cross-sectional study of Moraxella catarrhalis from children and adults

Khan

Northwood

Levy

et al. 2009

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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Methods: One thousand four hundred and forty M. catarrhalis isolates originating from seven world regions were investigated. The isolates were recovered from 411 children ,5 years of age and 1029 adults .20 years of age. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to determine bro prevalence and to distinguish between bro types. MIC values of 12 different antibiotics were determined using the CLSI (formerly NCCLS) broth microdilution method.Results: Of the 1440 isolates, 1313 (91%) possessed the bro-1 gene and 64 (4%) possessed the bro-2 gene. Additionally, the prevalence of bro positivity between the child and adult age groups was significantly different (P,0.0001), though bro-1 and bro-2 prevalences within age groups were not significantly different. Consistently higher b-lactam MICs were observed for M. catarrhalis isolates originating in the Far East. Significant correlations in MICs were observed for several antibiotic combinations, including all five b-lactams with each other, and among the two quinolones. Conclusions:The worldwide prevalence of bro gene carriage in clinical isolates of M. catarrhalis is now approaching 95%, with children significantly more likely to harbour bro-positive isolates than adults. Further, statistically significant differences in the distribution of b-lactam MICs were observed between different world regions, particularly with respect to the Far East.

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“…The gene sequences from organisms with closest identities to that of our isolate phylogenetically placed our new species near Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter , just as other moraxellae (Hays, 2006; Pettersson et al, 1998). Thus, our described species should fall into the Phylum Proteobacteria , Class Gammaproteobacteria , Order Pseudomonales , Family Moraxellacea , Genus I. Moraxella , where Genera II and III are Acinetobacter and Psychrobacter , respectively (Hays, 2006). This species was identified in both rhesus macaques ( M. mulatta ) and cynomolgus macaques ( M. fascicularis ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…The sequences were subjected to a nucleotide BLAST, available in the NCBI database (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi). While sequences of these genes were not available in the database for any Moraxella species, the closest identities phylogenetically placed our new species near Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter , just as with other moraxellae (Hays, 2006; Pettersson et al, 1998). For RNA polymerase B subunit (partial sequence; GenBank accession # HM037356), the Acinetobacte r baylyi strain ADP1 was 80% identical to CI24.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 73%

Characterization of a Moraxella species that causes epistaxis in macaques

Embers

Doyle

Whitehouse

et al. 2011

Veterinary Microbiology

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Bacteria of the genus Moraxella have been isolated from a variety of mammalian hosts. In a prior survey of bacteria that colonize the rhesus macaque nasopharynx, performed at the Tulane National Primate Research Center, organisms of the Moraxella genus were isolated from animals with epistaxis, or “bloody nose syndrome.” They were biochemically identified as Moraxella catarrhalis, and cryopreserved. Another isolate was obtained from an epistatic cynomolgus macaque at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Based on differences in colony and cell morphologies between rhesus and human M. catarrhalis isolates, we hypothesized that the nonhuman primate Moraxella might instead be a different species. Despite morphological differences, the rhesus isolates, by several biochemical tests, were indistinguishable from M. catarrhalis. Analysis of the cynomolgus isolate by Vitek 2 Compact indicated that it belonged to a Moraxella group, but could not differentiate among species. However, sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene from four representative rhesus isolates and the cynomolgus isolate showed closest homology to Moraxella lincolnii, a human respiratory tract inhabitant, with 90.16% identity. To examine rhesus macaques as potential hosts for M. catarrhalis, eight animals were inoculated with human M. catarrhalis isolates. Only one of the animals was colonized and showed disease, whereas four of four macaques became epistatic after inoculation with the rhesus Moraxella isolate. The nasopharyngeal isolates in this study appear uniquely adapted to a macaque host and, though they share many of the phenotypic characteristics of M. catarrhalis, appear to form a genotypically distinct species.

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The Genus Moraxella

Cited by 17 publications

References 332 publications

Molecular Aspects ofMoraxella catarrhalisPathogenesis

Molecular Aspects ofMoraxella catarrhalisPathogenesis

bro β-lactamase and antibiotic resistances in a global cross-sectional study of Moraxella catarrhalis from children and adults

Characterization of a Moraxella species that causes epistaxis in macaques

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