The Geochemical and Isotopic Record of Wilson Cycles in Northwestern South America: From the Iapetus to the Caribbean

Abstract

Isotopic and geochemical data delineate passive margin, rift and active margin cycles in northwestern South America since ~623 Ma, spanning from the Iapetus Wilson Cycle. Ultramafic and mafic rocks record rifting associated with the formation of the Iapetus Ocean during 623–531 Ma, while the initiation of subduction of the Iapetus and Rheic oceans is recorded by continental arc plutons that formed during 499–414 Ma, with alternating compressive and extensional stages. Muscovite 40Ar/39Ar dates suggest there may have been a phase of Carboniferous metamorphism, although this remains tentative. A Passive margin was modified by active margin magmatism that started at ~294 Ma and culminated with collisional tectonics that signaled the final stages of the amalgamation of western Pangaea. Early Pangaea fragmentation included back-arc rifting during 245–216 Ma, leading to a Pacific active margin that spanned from 213–115 Ma. Trench retreat accelerated during 144–115 Ma, forming a highly attenuated continental margin prior to the collision of the Caribbean Large Igneous Province at ~75 Ma.

Integrated Characterization of Mudstones in the Andes of Colombia: Understanding Its Complexities for Risk Mitigation

“…The northwestern corner of South America is a relict fragment of Gondwana [42], where interaction occurs between the South American continental plate and the Caribbean and Nazca oceanic plates [38,41], at which the CAB escapes to the northeast [43]. Mora's geodetic measurements indicate movement rates (GPS speed) of 16 mm/year, more specifically towards the north-northeast [2014: in [43]].…”