The geochemistry and geochronology of the Xiarihamu II mafic–ultramafic complex, Eastern Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China: Implications for the genesis of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide deposits

Peng, Bo; Sun, Fengyue; Li, Bile; Wang, Guan; Li, Shijin; Zhao, Tuofei; Li, Liang; Zhi, Yubo

doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.10.014

Cited by 61 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is similar to the previously discovered AkechukesaiⅠand Xiarihamu mafic-ultramafic complexes in terms of petrological features and metallic mineral assemblage [unpublished data]. The Xiarihamu deposit, one of the largest and best-known magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in this region [6,10,11], was the first Ni-Cu deposit discovered in the EKOB, and formed between late Silurian and Early Devonian (424-406 Ma) [6,7,11]. The discovery of this deposit stimulated more interest in evaluating the potential of the Cu-Ni mineralization in this region.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The partitioning of sulfur between different S-bearing phases during mantle melting generates a strongly heterogeneous distribution of bulk sulfur concentrations in the resultant melt as well as variations in the 34 S composition of the metasomatized mantle source [38]. Addition of S is often linked to the generation of magmatic sulphide mineralization as the addition of significant amounts of S may be more conducive to sulfur saturation of the magma [7]. The Akechukesai IV mafic-ultramafic complex has δ 34 S values (5.0% -13.4% ) that are higher than the expected value for the mantle (0% ± 2% ), suggesting the complex contains additional S, most likely derived from subducted oceanic crustal material.…”

Section: Crustal and Source Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eastern Kunlun orogenic belt (EKOB) is located along the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in western China [1] (Figure 1a): Previous researches determined that the orogenic events are associated with the subduction of the proto-and paleo-Tethyan oceans [4,5]. This Silurian-Devonian tectonism also generated widespread magmatic rocks, including granites of slightly variable ages and minor amounts of mafic-ultramafic intrusions [6][7][8][9]. The origin of the latter remain poorly investigated despite the fact that some of them are mineralized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The origin of the latter remain poorly investigated despite the fact that some of them are mineralized. For instance, Xiarihamu intrusion contains 1.07 million tons of Ni reserves [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Hf-S-Pb Isotopes of the Akechukesai IV Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Western China

et al. 2019

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The Akechukesai IV mafic–ultramafic complex, located in the western segment of the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt (EKOB), represents a newly-discovered complex, containing Ni ores at grades of up to 0.98% Ni. It is dominated by olivine pyroxenite, pyroxenite, and gabbro units. The gabbros are enriched in lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, U, and K) and light rare-earth elements (LREE), with negative anomalies in high field-strength elements, except Zr, Ta. Nb/Ta(∼5) and Zr/Hf (∼10) ratios lower than the primitive mantle and chondrites, respectively, indicate the influence of the mantle metasomatic process or fractionation of accessory mineral phases. Zircon U–Pb dating of the gabbro yielded an age of 423.9 ± 2.6 Ma, indicating that the complex formed contemporaneously with the Xiarihamu Ni deposit (423 ± 1 Ma). The gabbro has negative εHf(t) values (−11.3 to −1.2) with corresponding TDM1 ages of 1535–1092 Ma. The vein-like and disseminated mineralization (i.e., pyrite and pyrrhotite) have δ34S values of 13.1‰–13.4‰ and 5.0‰–8.5‰, respectively, suggesting that the magmas that formed the complex assimilated crustal sulfur. They yield 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb values of 17.323–18.472, 15.422–15.626, and 37.610–38.327, respectively, indicating Pb derived from multiple sources (i.e., mantle crustal sources). Geochemical and Hf–S–Pb isotopic characteristics suggest that the complex formed from a primitive magma derived by partial melting of a spinel- and garnet-bearing lherzolite mantle at variable degree of 5%–10%. This source region was geochemically enriched by previous interaction with slab-related fluids. Tectonic reconstruction suggests that the Akechukesai IV complex was generated in a post-collisional extensional environment.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Crustal and Source Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The origin of the latter remain poorly investigated despite the fact that some of them are mineralized. For instance, Xiarihamu intrusion contains 1.07 million tons of Ni reserves [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Hf-S-Pb Isotopes of the Akechukesai IV Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Western China

et al. 2019

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“…The intermediate-acid rocks include granodiorite, monzogranite, granite porphyry, and quartz diorite [6,30,31], and the basic-ultrabasic rocks are gabbro, olivine websterite, and lherzolite. The Ni-Cu mineralization is related to ultramafic rocks [7,8,32,33], and the porphyry, porphyry-skarn, and skarn-type deposits are mostly related to the Triassic granites [17][18][19].…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Inclusions and S–Pb Isotopes of the Reshui Porphyry Mo Deposit in East Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China

et al. 2019

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The Reshui porphyry Mo deposit is located in the East Kunlun orogenic belt (EKOB). Molybdenum mineralization is distributed in monzogranite and porphyritic monzogranite rocks, mainly presenting as various types of hydrothermal veinlets in altered wall rocks, and the orebodies are controlled by three groups of fractures. In this paper, we present the results of fluid-inclusion and isotopic (S and Pb) investigations of the Reshui Mo deposit. The ore-forming process of the deposit can be divided into three stages: an early disseminated molybdenite stage (stage 1), a middle quartz–molybdenite stage (stage 2) and a late quartz–polymetallic sulfide stage (stage 3). The alteration was mainly potassic and silicic in stage 1, silicic in stage 2, and sericitic and silicic in stage 3. Five types of fluid inclusions (FIs) can be distinguished in quartz phenocrysts and quartz veins, namely W, PL (pure liquid inclusions), PV (pure gas inclusions), C (CO2 three-phase inclusions), and S (daughter mineral-bearing inclusions). The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions belonging to stages 1 to 3 are 282.3–378 °C, 238.7–312.6 °C and 198.3–228 °C, respectively. The fluid salinities at stages 1 to 3 are 4.65–8.14% NaCl eq., 4.34–42.64% NaCl eq., and 3.55–4.65% NaCl eq., respectively. The fluids of this deposit were generally moderate–high temperature and moderate–low salinity and belong to the H2O–NaCl–CO2 ± CH4 system. The temperature and pressure changed considerably between stage 2 (high–medium-temperature) and stage 3 (low-temperature). The evidence for ore-forming fluids containing different types of coexisting inclusions in stage 2 and a decrease in the fluid temperature from stage 2 to stage 3 indicate that fluid boiling and fluid mixing were the main mechanisms of ore precipitation. The sulfide 34SV-CDT values range from 4.90‰ to 5.80‰, which is characteristic of magmatic sulfur. The 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and 208Pb/204Pb values of the ore minerals are 18.210–18.786, 15.589–15.723, and 38.298–39.126, respectively. These lead isotopic compositions suggest that the ores were mainly sourced from crustally derived magmas, with minor input from the mantle. The fluid inclusions and S–Pb isotopes provide important information on the genesis of the Reshui porphyry Mo deposit and indicate that the Triassic has high metallogenic porphyry potential in the EKOB.

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Petrology and geochemistry of metamorphosed rocks associated with iron formations of the Toko‐Nlokeng iron deposit, (Southern Cameroon): Implications for geodynamic evolution and mineralization

2023

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Detailed petrographic, lithostratigraphic, and geochemical data of metamorphosed orthogneisses and mafic‐ultramafic metavolcanic rocks intruded into the greenstone belt of the Toko‐Nlokeng iron deposit have enabled the reconstruction of the tectonic and geodynamic setting and crustal evolution of the Nyong Complex. Samples were collected from the drill holes TNF11_01 and TNF11_02 from 17.16 m to 335.85 m depth. The lithostratigraphy supported by field and petrographic observations outlines two main lithologies: Iron formations (IFs) and metamorphosed host rocks. The IFs (granular iron formations (GIF) and banded iron formations (BIF)) are intercalated with host rocks consisting of orthogneisses and mafic‐ultramafic rocks. New and published geochemical data of metamorphosed associated IFs from Anyouzok (TNF08 prospect) of the Toko‐Nlokeng iron deposit, Mewengo iron deposit, Bipindi, and Kribi metavolcanic rocks in the Nyong Complex, suggest that these rocks were formed by material from intrusive and extrusive magmatic episodes with mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB) contaminated by either subduction or crustal components. CaO/Al2O3 and (Gd/Yb)N ratios >1 and positive Nb anomalies in ultramafic rocks indicate a mantle plume source contaminated by metasomatized subduction mantle lithosphere. These data also show that the mafic‐ultramafic metavolcanic rocks derive from magma of basaltic and basaltic andesite compositions, with a tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline tendency characteristic of the upper mantle. These data reveal that gneisses derive from granite and diorite subalkaline, peraluminous, and ferroan to magnesian compatible with Cordilleran magmas and island arcs with polygenetic crustal signatures. All samples of mafic granulites, garnet‐amphibolite, metabasites, and ultramafic granulites in the Nyong Complex reveal no residual garnet and predominantly show ca. 4% partial melting of an amphibole‐spinel‐peridotite source in the Dy/Yb versus La/Yb. Otherwise, hornblendites of Toko‐Nlokeng display ca. 5% partial melting of an amphibole‐garnet‐peridotite source, average (Gd/Yb)CN ratio of the hornblendites is (Gd/Yb)CN = 7.56 > 2. This result suggests these hornblendites do not have the same magmatic source as other mafic‐ultramafic rocks of the Nyong Complex. Mafic‐ultramafic host rock protoliths are classified as E‐MORB, P‐MORB, and G‐MORB (hornblendites) compositional types and arc, back‐arc ‘B’ in subduction unrelated, rifted margin setting with minor crustal contamination. The tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline and peraluminous affinity of these rocks indicate a mature arc and thickened crust during the Eburnean Trans‐Amazonian orogenic belts of the Congo Craton. This study shows that the host rocks were emplaced in a convergent tectonic setting and affected by a syn‐collisional episode where melts were derived from the partial melting of thick basaltic crust into amphibolite–eclogite facies in the subduction zone. The geochemical signatures of the mafic‐ultramafic rocks support the tectonic accretionary of the Palaeoprotero...

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The geochemistry and geochronology of the Xiarihamu II mafic–ultramafic complex, Eastern Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China: Implications for the genesis of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide deposits

Cited by 61 publications

References 40 publications

Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Hf-S-Pb Isotopes of the Akechukesai IV Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Western China

Geochemistry, Geochronology, and Hf-S-Pb Isotopes of the Akechukesai IV Mafic-Ultramafic Complex, Western China

Fluid Inclusions and S–Pb Isotopes of the Reshui Porphyry Mo Deposit in East Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China

Petrology and geochemistry of metamorphosed rocks associated with iron formations of the Toko‐Nlokeng iron deposit, (Southern Cameroon): Implications for geodynamic evolution and mineralization

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