The geochemistry of apatite from the Los Colorados iron oxide–apatite deposit, Chile: implications for ore genesis

Cruz, Nikita L. La; Simon, Adam C.; Wolf, Aaron S.; Reich, Martín; Barra, Fernando; Gagnon, Joel E.

doi:10.1007/s00126-019-00861-z

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…In such a process, hydrothermal fluid(s) migrates through interconnected, three‐dimensional nano‐ and micro‐porous structures, resulting in depletion of REEs ± Na + Si in apatite and the formation of monazite‐(Ce) inclusions in fluorapatite (Harlov, 2015; Harlov & Förster, 2003; La Cruz et al, 2019). The previous experimental studies suggested that the formation of monazite‐(Ce) inclusions in fluorapatite would be facilitated by H 2 O‐KCl brines and CO 2 ‐H 2 O fluids (Harlov & Förster, 2003), as well as acids such as HCl and H 2 SO 4 (Harlov et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apatite at Niutoushan U–Pb–Zn deposit in Xiangshan ore field: A tracer for hydrothermal fluid

Wang

Wei³

2020

Geological Journal

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The volcanic‐hosted Xiangshan uranium ore field is the largest uranium deposit in Jiangxi Province, South China. In this ore field, Pb–Zn mineralization has been discovered beneath the uranium orebodies at Niutoushan‐Heyuanbei area. Apatite is a ubiquitous accessory mineral in the volcanic rocks, as well as the U and Pb–Zn alteration–mineralization zones. Six main types of apatite, which show the evolution of volcanic magma and hydrothermal fluids, have been observed on the basis of textures, associated mineral assemblages, chemical compositions (halogen, MnO, FeO, and SO3, etc.), and mineral inclusions. For magmatic primary apatite, porphyritic lava‐hosted P‐Apa and P‐Apb have higher F/Cl ratios and lower contents of MnO and FeO than rhyodacite‐hosted R‐Ap. For hydrothermal apatite, U‐Ap1‐a, U‐Ap1‐b, and S‐Ap1 are recognized as hydrothermal‐affected apatite, while U‐Ap2 and S‐Ap2 as apatite precipitating from hydrothermal fluid. U‐Ap1‐a and U‐Ap1‐b, hosted in the green‐stained alteration zone, are characterized by highly heterogeneous BSE imaging and contain monazite and ThSiO4 inclusions. Such apatites record the remobilization and reprecipitation of rare earth elements (REEs), Th and U by a relatively high‐temperature, F‐ and CO2‐enriched but Na‐depleted fluid at the early REE‐phase stage. U‐Ap2 occurring in pitchblende–fluorite dominated ore sample, is featured with negligible Cl, variable F and relatively higher Ti contents. It records a new hydrothermal pulse of relatively low temperature, oxidized, highly Ca‐, Ti‐, and F‐enriched but Cl‐depleted which probably conduces to leaching and transporting significant amounts of uranium. S‐Ap1 and S‐Ap2 hosted within the sericite–quartz–carbonate alteration halo on both sides of Pb–Zn–Fe sulphide veinlets, have relatively high Cl and variable F content. This apatite records reduced, Cl‐, Ca‐enriched, magmatic‐derived fluid events. Combined with previous researches, the apatite data suggest that U and Pb–Zn mineralization may form from two spatially and temporally distinct hydrothermal systems. Thus, apatite can fingerprint multi‐stage hydrothermal fluids and be treated as a useful tool for mineral exploration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apatite at Niutoushan U–Pb–Zn deposit in Xiangshan ore field: A tracer for hydrothermal fluid

Wang

Wei³

2020

Geological Journal

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“…The brine fluid could scavenge LREE from silicate melt [75]. During ascending to the fluid suspension, apatite continues to grow from magmatic-hydrothermal fluid [75], and destabilized precipitated by rapid transport in the hydraulic Figure 10. Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*) vs. Ce anomalies for the apatite samples.…”

Section: Mica-apatite Deposit Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of the fluids is expectedly dominated by alkaline cations such as Na + , K + and Ca 2+ [72][73][74]. The brine fluid could scavenge LREE from silicate melt [75]. During ascending to the fluid suspension, apatite continues to grow from magmatic-hydrothermal fluid [75], and destabilized precipitated by rapid transport in the hydraulic fracture in breccia [76].…”

Section: Mica-apatite Deposit Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The brine fluid could scavenge LREE from silicate melt [75]. During ascending to the fluid suspension, apatite continues to grow from magmatic-hydrothermal fluid [75], and destabilized precipitated by rapid transport in the hydraulic fracture in breccia [76]. It is well documented that F values in the intrusive rocks increase with increasing alkalinity [77] and therefore, high F content is characterized in magma with alkaline affinity [73].…”

Section: Mica-apatite Deposit Mineralizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earth Elements and Sr Isotope Ratios of Large Apatite Crystals in Ghareh Bagh Mica Mine, NW Iran: Tracing for Petrogenesis and Mineralization

et al. 2020

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The 320 Ma Ghareh Bagh mica mine is the only active mica mine in northwest Iran, and hosts Mg-bearing biotite (phlogopite) with apatite, epidote, and calcite. Chemical investigation of apatite infers the high abundances of the rare earth elements (REEs up to 5619 ppm), higher ratios of the LREE/HREE ((La/Yb)N = 28.5–36.7)) and high content of Y (236–497 ppm). REE pattern in the apatite and host A-type granite is almost the same. Ghareh Bagh apatite formed from the early magmatic-hydrothermal exsolved fluids at the high temperature from the Ghushchi alkali feldspar granite. The apatite crystals came up as suspension grains and precipitated in the brecciated zone. The early magmatic-hydrothermal fluids settle phlogopite, epidote, chlorite, K-feldspar and albite down in the brecciation zone. Due to the precipitation of these minerals, the late-stage fluids with low contents of Na+, Ca2+ and REE affected the early stage of alteration minerals. The high ratios of 87Sr/86Sr (0.70917 to 0.70950) are more consistent with crustal sources for the apatite large crystals. The same ages (320 Ma) for both brecciated mica veins and host alkali feldspar granites infer the apatite and paragenesis minerals were related to host granite A-type granite in the Ghareh Bagh area.

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“…Additionally, the widespread hydrated minerals like biotite and the occurrence of pegmatites which has not been reported in detail indicate that during the formation of Yaojiazhuang complex, the magma ought to be enriched in fluids. Recent studies had revealed that the interactions between fluids and minerals during the last magmatic stage could significantly modify rock structures and textures, and could also act as a key mechanism in the generation of economic ore deposits, especially apatite and IOA deposits (e.g., Roedder, 1992;Huber et al, 2012;Ballhaus et al, 2015;Guo and Audétat, 2017;La Cruz et al, 2019;Knipping et al, 2019). Therefore, a combined study involving mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry studies is required to elucidate these processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical and Geochemical Study on the Yaojiazhuang Ultrapotassic Complex, North China Craton: Constraints on the Magmatic Differentiation Processes and Genesis of Apatite Ores

2020

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The differentiation process of ultrapotassic magmas is enigmatic and poorly understood. The Yaojiazhuang ultrapotassic complex is concentrically zoned by late-intruded syenite in the core and early emplaced clinopyroxenite in the periphery, combining a "bi-modal" lithology. Spatially, apatite and iron oxide-apatite (IOA) ores, glimmerite and pseudoleucite occur in the upper part of clinopyroxenite. The syenite and clinopyroxenite are composed of variable amounts of clinopyroxenite, biotite, K-feldspar, magnetite, apatite with minor analcite, titanite, and primary calcite. The pseudoleucite clinopyroxenite contains mainly clinopyroxene, biotite and garnet in the matrix, and nepheline-K-feldspar intergrowth with muscovite and minor celestine in the leucite pseudomorph. Geochemically, rocks of the Yaojiazhuang complex are significantly enriched in potassium (K), light rare earth elements (LREE), and large ion lithophile elements (LILE). Crustal contamination by Archean tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses basement may play an important role to convert the syenitic melts from silica-undersaturation to saturation. Fractionation crystallization is supported by the mineral crystallization sequence to explain the bimodal lithologies instead of silicate liquid immiscibility. During the magmatic evolution, decompression, fractionation of volatilepoor clinopyroxene and the enhancement by CO 2 may result in the exsolution of an aqueous fluid. The late-stage interactions between existing minerals and magmatic fluids in the crystal mush could be a key process in the generation of both leucite pseudomorphs and apatite/IOA ores.

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The geochemistry of apatite from the Los Colorados iron oxide–apatite deposit, Chile: implications for ore genesis

Cited by 23 publications

References 79 publications

Apatite at Niutoushan U–Pb–Zn deposit in Xiangshan ore field: A tracer for hydrothermal fluid

Apatite at Niutoushan U–Pb–Zn deposit in Xiangshan ore field: A tracer for hydrothermal fluid

Rare Earth Elements and Sr Isotope Ratios of Large Apatite Crystals in Ghareh Bagh Mica Mine, NW Iran: Tracing for Petrogenesis and Mineralization

Mineralogical and Geochemical Study on the Yaojiazhuang Ultrapotassic Complex, North China Craton: Constraints on the Magmatic Differentiation Processes and Genesis of Apatite Ores

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