The geography of gambling: A socio-spatial analysis of gambling machine location and area-level socio-economic status

Abstract

This study mapped the geographical location and density of electronic gambling machines (EGMs) in Denmark and investigated whether gambling machines cluster in areas with specific socio-economic status (SES) characteristics. Using micro-area modeling and inverse probability weighted regression adjustments, the study was based on register data on SES, EGM location data and geographical grid data. Findings showed that EGMs were distributed throughout the country with some notable clusters in the larger cities. While identifying city-based hotspots, findings also indicated that pure population density offered merely partial explanations in term of EGM location. In terms of links between area-level SES and EGM density, the study found a significant and positive correlation between low level of SES and EGM density. This study could inform fine grained geographical risk localization and harm minimizing measures that transcends well-known administrative area classifications.

Unambiguous evidence that over half of gambling problems in Australia are caused by electronic gambling machines: Results from a large-scale composite population study

“…Geographic availability may also play a role in increasing the risk of particular gambling forms. For example, while casino table games are often only available in the central business district of major cities, EGMs are typically far more pervasive throughout suburban and regional areas in Australia, with some evidence of greater concentration in lower SES areas ( Kristiansen & Lund, 2022 ; Rintoul & Deblaquiere, 2019 ; Rintoul, Livingstone, Mellor, & Jolley, 2013 ; Young, Markham, & Doran, 2012 ). In general, one would expect that forms that are available at more times and more places foster excessive gambling, with mobile/internet betting perhaps being the penultimate example of accessibility ( Young et al., 2012 ).…”