The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian gold province

Phillips, Neil; Hughes, Martin J.

doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(96)00006-6

Cited by 100 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Loellingite (FeAs 2 ) is also present, but less widespread than arsenopyrite. Carbonate minerals, as reported by Phillips and Hughes (1996), include calcite (CaCO 3 ), dolomite (CaMg (CO 3 ) 2 ), ankerite and siderite (FeCO 3 ).…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Mesothermal quartz veins in the Ballarat goldfields are hosted by a thick sequence of Ordovician greywacke, which is interbedded with highly carbonaceous, pyrite-bearing shale Bierlein and McNaughton, 1998). Ballarat gold deposits like other Central Victorian gold deposits (Gao and Kwak, 1997) are typically sulphide-rich with pyrite (FeS) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) up to several percent of total sulphides (Phillips and Hughes, 1996). Loellingite (FeAs 2 ) is also present, but less widespread than arsenopyrite.…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Changes in Arsenic Concentrations and Hydrogeochemistry of Canadian Creek, Ballarat (Victoria, Australia)

Sultan

Dowling

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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A 10-month study of surface waters in Canadian Creek (Ballarat, Victoria, Australia) showed the significant influence of historic gold mining waste material. The investigation focussed on the hydrogeochemistry of the surface waters and soils in order to: (1) document the levels and seasonal trends in major, minor and trace elements in the creek, (2) identify the process by which As is released from the soil/waste mining material to surface waters. For most dissolved major and trace elements (Na, Ca, Mg, K, and As) in surface waters, the concentrations decreased with the increasing rainfall and flow conditions except for Al and Fe. Two sites selected along the creek (<1 km apart) allowed evaluation of the possibility that mining waste material is contributing to the elevated As concentrations (up to 145 µg/l) in downstream surface water. Arsenic concentration varied more than 28 fold seasonally and was highest in autumn and lowest in spring. Elevated concentrations of As (up to 1946 mg/kg) at the downstream site indicated the presence of a source of As concentration in both surface and subsurface soils. Oxidation of arsenic sulphides under aerobic conditions with redox fluctuations (7 to 201 mV) could cause elevated As levels in the creek. Significant statistical correlations among the major cations (Ca, Na and Mg) point to a common source(s) resulting in neutral to slightly alkaline (pH ∼ 6.5 to 7.8) surface water. Fe and Al secondary phases under oxidising conditions are a significant controlling mechanism for the mobilization of As in highly contaminated soils (>1500 mg/kg) in the study area. The large As adsorption capacity of Fe and Al could be limiting extreme mobilization into the water. Rainfall with relatively low pH is possibly causing mobilisation of Al, Fe and As from highly alkaline soils (pH ≈ 9.0) into the nearby creek.

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Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes in Arsenic Concentrations and Hydrogeochemistry of Canadian Creek, Ballarat (Victoria, Australia)

Sultan

Dowling

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…1). These sites have produced 1187 t of gold with 521 t from alluvial sources (Phillips and Hughes, 1996). Initially, most discoveries were made by panning stream sediments, and alluvial mining prior to the discovery of auriferous quartz veins in nearby outcropping bedrock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transported cover in northwestern Victoria, Australia — An impediment to geochemical exploration for gold

Noble

2012

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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“…The Stawell gold mine (SGM) is a major Victorian goldfield. As of 1990, the mine had produced 82 t of gold with 61 t from primary sources and 21 t from alluvial gold (Woodall, 1990;Phillips and Hughes, 1996). The production of gold in Victoria peaked in 1856 at 96 t y -1 and then rapidly decreased to only 5 t y -1 in 1918.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of gold in Victoria peaked in 1856 at 96 t y -1 and then rapidly decreased to only 5 t y -1 in 1918. Production was typically around 1 t y -1 until more recent times, where in the last decade gold production has climbed to approximately 4 t y -1 , with the Stawell gold mine being the major contributor with 2 t y -1 (Phillips and Hughes, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Characterization of Spoil Material to Assess Suitability for Use as a Cover in Tailings Rehabilitation

Noble¹

2004

ASMR

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Abstract. Twenty-four samples of waste rock material from the Mt. Micke stockpile were collected for chemical characterization. Mount Micke is spoil that was removed from the Wonga pit gold mine in Stawell, Western Victoria, Australia. Tentative plans at the Stawell mine are to use this material as a rehabilitative cover in conjunction with other materials to prepare the mine tailings for revegetation. The objective of this study was to assess the chemical properties of the Mt. Micke spoil to establish future land use potential and investigate the possibilities for future environmental problems. The following elements were targeted for ICP-MS/AES analysis following a nitric:perchloric acid digest: Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Sb, Se, Sn and Zn. Total C and S were also determined. Acid-base accounting (ABA) was used to identify samples with significant acid producing potential (APP). Results indicate most samples have a low APP and are not prone to acid mine drainage. Three of the samples did have high total sulfur concentrations between 0.1-0.18 % and some APP, but the buffering capacity was sufficiently high to neutralize the potential acidity. The composition of transition metals is also relatively low, with ranges typically <500µg kg -1 in all samples. Interestingly, there were elemental concentration variations between the samples, which are attributed to the distinct regions in the open pit from where the material was originally mined. To accurately assess the characteristics of the spoil, it is essential to sample the different mined zones and not assume the stockpile is homogenous. A nutrient analysis for plant growth should be completed before any attempt is made at rehabilitation. Laboratory data revealed the Mt. Micke material is relatively low in P. Applications of biosolids and commercial fertilizers or the planting of low P tolerant plants will enhance success of rehabilitation on these tailings by compensating for the low P in these materials. Waste Rock from Mt. Micke should not pose any significant environmental problems and should be a beneficial cover supplement to the tailings rehabilitation.Additional

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The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian gold province

Cited by 100 publications

References 60 publications

Seasonal Changes in Arsenic Concentrations and Hydrogeochemistry of Canadian Creek, Ballarat (Victoria, Australia)

Seasonal Changes in Arsenic Concentrations and Hydrogeochemistry of Canadian Creek, Ballarat (Victoria, Australia)

Transported cover in northwestern Victoria, Australia — An impediment to geochemical exploration for gold

Geochemical Characterization of Spoil Material to Assess Suitability for Use as a Cover in Tailings Rehabilitation

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