The geology and origin of Carlin-type gold deposits

Berger, Byron R.; Bagby, William C.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0497-5_7

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In order to investigate this, deposits have been classified in one of three types: (1) fault-controlled; (2) fault-and strata-controlled; and (3) strata-controlled. The basis of this three-part classification scheme was proposed in different terms by Berger (1986), Berger and Bagby (1991), Christensen (1993), andJory (2002). Deposits of the fault-controlled style consist mainly of steeply dipping mineralized zones of micron-sized disseminated gold with subordinate vein, stockwork, and breccia bodies commonly located in faults along contacts of dikes and sills.…”

Section: Structural Stylesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gold production in China includes that from their sediment-hosted gold deposits, though most data are not reported. Sediment-hosted gold deposits are characterized by micro-grained (micron-sized) disseminated gold mineralized zones in altered, layered sedimentary rocks locally penetrated by igneous dikes and sills (Berger, 1986;Berger and Bagby, 1991;Ressel and Henry, 2006). These deposits were first discovered in Nevada in the early 1960s and soon became the main gold producers in the United States (Roberts, 1966;Cline and others, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sediment-hosted gold deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

Berger¹,

Mosier²,

Bliss³

et al. 2014

Open-File Report

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Section: Structural Stylesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment-hosted gold deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

Berger¹,

Mosier²,

Bliss³

et al. 2014

Open-File Report

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“…Tl is more toxic to mammals than Cd, Pb, Cu, or Zn [104,105]. Tl is associated with hydrothermal sourced fluids in sediment hosted gold deposits [106][107][108][109]. Tl in these deposits was likely mobilized and transported with hydrocarbons and brines though could be related to the inferred intrusion that might also account for the Au and Ag present in the U-V deposits.…”

Section: Elements Of Environmental Concernmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Involvement of Permian Phosphoria Formation Oil as a Source of REE and Other Metals Associated with Complex U-V Mineralization in the Northern Bighorn Basin?

Moore-Nall

Tsosie

2017

Minerals

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Abstract:The origin of V, U, REE and other metals in the Permian Phosphoria Formation have been speculated and studied by numerous scientists. The exceptionally high concentrations of metals have been interpreted to reflect fundamental transitions from anoxic to oxic marine conditions. Much of the oil in the Bighorn Basin, is sourced by the Phosphoria Formation. Two of the top 10 producing oil fields in Wyoming are located approximately 50 km west of two abandoned U-V mining districts in the northern portion of the basin. These fields produce from basin margin anticlinal structures from Mississippian age reservoir rock. Samples collected from abandoned U-V mines and prospects hosted in Mississippian aged paleokarst in Montana and Wyoming have hydrocarbon residue present and contain anomalous high concentrations of many metals that are found in similar concentrations in the Phosphoria Formation. As, Hg, Mo, Pb, Tl, U, V and Zn, often metals of environmental concern occur in high concentrations in Phosphoria Formation samples and had values ranging from 30-1295 ppm As, 0.179-12.8 ppm Hg, 2-791 ppm Mo, <2-146 ppm Pb, 10-490 ppm Tl, 907-86,800 ppm U, 1240-18,900 ppm V, and 7-2230 ppm Zn, in mineralized samples from this study. The REE plus Y composition of Madison Limestone-and limestone breccia hosted-bitumen reflect similar patterns to both mineralized samples from this study and to U.S. Geological Survey rock samples from studies of the Phosphoria Formation. Geochemical, mineralogical and field data were used to investigate past theories for mineralization of these deposits to determine if U present in home wells and Hg content of fish from rivers on the proximal Crow Indian Reservation may have been derived from these deposits or related to their mode of mineralization.

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“…The importance of early hypogene alteration was to increase porosity and permeability of the host rocks and thus make them more favorable for mineralization. The process of hypogene hydrothermal alteration of carbonate-rich hosts invariably begins with décalcification, which is characteristic of sedimentary-hosted precious metal deposits (Radtke 1985;Berger and Bagby, 1991;Li and Peters, 1998).…”

Section: A~ymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

Xiao¹

2001

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Toxic metals associated with metal mineralization and mining are critical targets for environmental studies. Thallium, as a typical toxic metal, has received less attention from a geo-environmental perspective since thallium deposits are relatively rare.This study focuses on natural accumulation of thallium associated with Hg-Tl-(Au) mineralization in the Lanmuchang area in southwest Guizhou Province, China, as a case study for thallium hazard in a geo-environmental perspective. It aims at understanding of the occurrence, the transfer processes and the environmental impacts of thallium related to natural processes and human activity. The distribution and dispersion of thallium together with mercury and arsenic in bedrock, sulfide ore, coals, soil, sediment, ground and surface waters, crops and vegetation have been examined.This study shows that the Lanmuchang area can be characterized as a specific geological context of thallium, mercury and arsenic accumulations. The extensive occurrences of sulfide minerals, such as lorandite, cinnabar, realgar, orpiment and pyrite are the primary carriers of Tl, Hg and As in the rocks and ores. Thallium occurs either as isomorphous substitution in the structure of sulfide minerals of mercury ores, arsenic ores coals, or as a pure thallium mineral lorandite.Tl, Hg and As accumulations are characterized by their high concentrations in rocks/ores, soils, sediments, (sub)surface waters and various crops. The range of thallium concentrations are 33-35000 ppm in sulfide ores, 12-46 ppm in coals, 33-490 ppm in host rocks, 25-1100 ppm in secondary minerals, and 6-330 ppm in outcropped host rocks. Thallium concentrations in soils in the mineralized area range from 53 to 282 ppm, from 21 to 100 ppm in alluvial deposits or foundation soils, from 40 to 46 ppm in slope wash material, and from 2.2 to 29 ppm in undisturbed natural soil. A high concentration has also been observed in sediments, ranging from 10 to 3700 ppm. Thallium concentrations are also high in the deep groundwater of the thallium-mineralized area (13.4-1102 \lg/\), decreasing away from the area to a background level of less than 0.005 |ig/l. In stream water, thallium concentration ranges from 0.3 to 33 jig/1, with marked high contents in downstream sections which likely originated from an unidentified groundwater discharge. In the edible parts of various vegetables and cereals, thallium ranges from 0.21 to 494 ppm (dry weight). The uptake of thallium is more pronounced in vegetables than in cereals, and the highest accumulation occurs in green cabbage.The dispersion of thallium together with mercury and arsenic in the specific ecosystem of Lanmuchang is constrained by the original Tl-Hg-As sulfide mineralization, the specific topography and hydro-geomorphology, and by the disturbance of human activity. High values of thallium are concentrated in the mineralized and mining area; away from this area, thallium concentrations decreases gradually to a background level. Thallium from bedrocks is accumulated in soils, se...

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The geology and origin of Carlin-type gold deposits

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Sediment-hosted gold deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

Sediment-hosted gold deposits of the world: Database and grade and tonnage models

Possible Involvement of Permian Phosphoria Formation Oil as a Source of REE and Other Metals Associated with Complex U-V Mineralization in the Northern Bighorn Basin?

Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

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