The geometric accuracy analysis of polymer spiral bevel gears carried out in a measurement system based on the Industry 4.0 structure

Pisula, J.

doi:10.14314/polimery.2019.5.6

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In equation (11), M 1 , M 2 , M 3 and M 4 , respectively, represent the rotation and translation matrix of each coordinate axis in S c . Through the numerical optimization method, the optimal values of △ x, α, △ y, β, △ z and γ can be solved.…”

Section: Compensation and Calculation Of Tooth Surface Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To rapidly obtain information on the 3D shape of the gear tooth flank, Guo et al [10] proposed a 3D point cloud measurement system based on a line structure light sensor and high-precision air floating rotary table, which can quickly and accurately measure and calculate the 3D shape error of the gears. Pisula [11] presented geometrical accuracy tests of polymer spiral bevel gears. The results of the Klingelnberg P40 coordinate measuring machine were used to select the appropriate printing technology and to improve the quality of the polymer bevel gears.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A measurement method for tooth surface errors of straight bevel gears based on 3D model

Li¹,

Li²,

Deng³

et al. 2020

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Due to the inconsistency between a theoretically designed tooth surface and the actual measured reference surface, the tooth surface error data obtained by the traditional measurement method is unreliable, and incorrectly reflects the machining accuracy of straight bevel gears. This has become a key problem in the current measurement process, and needs to be resolved. In this paper, a new measurement method is proposed to achieve accurate measurement and evaluation of the machining error of straight bevel gears. The 3-dimensional (3D) model surface designed by the manufacturer is directly extracted as a theoretical reference to complete the measurement, which ensures the correctness of the error results. A measurement strategy of normal rotation of the measured point is adopted to make up for the disadvantages of the one-dimensional (1D) probe and improve the measurement accuracy. The problem of the sensitive direction of the probe deviating from the normal direction is compensated for by increasing the dimension of the 1D probe and reducing the dimension of the 3D normal. According to the constructed error calculation model, the minimum tooth surface error is obtained through reconstruction and optimal matching techniques. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of the measurement method are verified through measurement comparison experiments. This method solves the technical problem of the inconsistency of the measured reference surface, and uses a low-cost 1D probe to achieve precise measurement of the 3D surface. It not only improves the disadvantages of current measurement methods, but also provides effective technical support for other gear measurements.

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Section: Compensation and Calculation Of Tooth Surface Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A measurement method for tooth surface errors of straight bevel gears based on 3D model

Li¹,

Li²,

Deng³

et al. 2020

Meas. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Consequently, there is a lack of information on the wear resistance of components made using AM techniques. The exception is, however, the evaluation of their geometry accuracy [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Many studies relate to the results of strength analyses for 3D-printed specimens and focus on selecting suitable technological process parameters and improving geometric characteristics to achieve increased strength and the desired shape accuracy [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wear Analysis of 3D-Printed Spur and Herringbone Gears Used in Automated Retail Kiosks Based on Computer Vision and Statistical Methods

et al. 2023

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This paper focuses on a wear evaluation conducted for prototype spur and herringbone gears made from PET-G filament using additive manufacturing. The main objective of this study is to verify if 3D-printed gears can be considered a reliable choice for long-term exploitation in selected mechanical systems, specifically automated retail kiosks. For this reason, two methods were applied, utilizing: (1) vision-based inspection of the gears’ cross-sectional geometry and (2) the statistical characterization of the selected kinematic parameters and torques generated by drives. The former method involves destructive testing and allows for identification of the gears’ operation-induced geometric shape evolution, whereas the latter method focuses on searching for nondestructive kinematic and torque-based indicators, which allow tracking of the wear. The novel contribution presented in this paper is the conceptual and experimental application of the identification of the changes of 3D-printed parts’ geometric properties resulting from wear. The inspected exploited and non-exploited 3D-printed parts underwent encasing in resin and a curing process, followed by cutting in a specific plane to reveal the desired shapes, before finally being subjected to a vision-based geometric characterization. The authors have experimentally demonstrated, in real industrial conditions, on batch production parts, the usefulness of the presented destructive testing technique providing valid indices for wear identification.

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“…Most frequently, they include polymer and composite polymer injection-moulded or machined gears [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The literature does not contain information on studies analysing wear resistance of additive manufactured gears, except for the assessment of their geometrical accuracy [25][26][27][28][29]. Many authors present results of the analyses obtained from strength tests on samples of materials used in additive manufacturing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coordinate metrology plays an important role in the manufacturing process. Its purpose is to verify whether the item has been manufactured in accordance with specifications, e.g., with reference to geometrical accuracy [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] and the condition of the geometrical surface structure (mostly surface roughness) [39][40][41]. A broad spectrum of studies evaluating the condition of the surface layers of parts manufactured using additive techniques have been recently published [42][43][44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Polymer Gear Wear in a Spur Gear Train Made Using FDM and FFF Methods Based on Tooth Surface Topography Assessment

et al. 2021

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This article focuses on wear tests of spur gears made with the use of additive manufacturing techniques from thermoplastic materials. The following additive manufacturing techniques were employed in this study: Melted and Extruded Modelling (FDM) and Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). The study analysed gears made from ABS M-30 (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), ULTEM 9085 (PEI Polyetherimide) and PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), and the selection of these materials reflects their hierarchy in terms of economical application and strength parameters. A test rig designed by the authors was used to determine the fatigue life of polymer gears. Gear trains were tested under load in order to measure wear in polymer gears manufactured using FDM and FFF techniques. In order to understand the mechanism behind gear wear, further tests were performed on a P40 coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a TalyScan 150 scanning instrument. The results of the gear tests made under load allow us to conclude that PEEK is resistant to wear and gear train operating temperature. Its initial topography undergoes slight changes in comparison to ABS M-30 and Ultem 9085. The biggest wear was reported for gears made from Ultem 9085. The hardness of the material decreased due to the loaded gear train’s operating temperature.

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The geometric accuracy analysis of polymer spiral bevel gears carried out in a measurement system based on the Industry 4.0 structure

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

A measurement method for tooth surface errors of straight bevel gears based on 3D model

A measurement method for tooth surface errors of straight bevel gears based on 3D model

Wear Analysis of 3D-Printed Spur and Herringbone Gears Used in Automated Retail Kiosks Based on Computer Vision and Statistical Methods

An Analysis of Polymer Gear Wear in a Spur Gear Train Made Using FDM and FFF Methods Based on Tooth Surface Topography Assessment

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