We consider hydrodynamic chains in (1 + 1) dimensions which are Hamiltonian with respect to the Kupershmidt-Manin Poisson bracket. These systems can be derived from single (2+1) equations, here called hydrodynamic Vlasov equations, under the map A n = ∞ −∞ p n f dp. For these equations an analogue of the Dubrovin-Novikov Hamiltonian structure is constructed. The Vlasov formalism allows us to describe objects like the Haantjes tensor for such a chain in a much more compact and computable way. We prove that the necessary conditions found by Ferapontov and Marshall in [1] for the integrability of these hydrodynamic chains are also sufficient.