The Geopolitical Risk and Strategic Uncertainty of Green Growth after the Ukraine Invasion: How the Circular Economy Can Decrease the Market Power of and Resource Dependency on Critical Minerals

Abstract

Following the invasion of Ukraine, there is a call to replace Russian gas and oil with green electric energy. A prime sector subject to electrification is the transportation sector. Consequently, access to the critical minerals for electrification has become an important strategic issue in the electric vehicle industry. Our analysis indicates that the markets for scarce and critical minerals, like cobalt, graphite, lithium, and rare earth elements, are in a highly concentrated number of countries. China, a strategic partner of Russia, has a dominant power position in both graphite and rare earth elements and is a dominant player in the processing of copper, nickel, cobalt, lithium, and rare earth elements. Furthermore, at least 70% of cobalt, graphite, and rare earth element resources are in corrupt or very corrupt states. Transportation sector electrification might therefore increase Europe’s and the USA’s resource dependency on totalitarian, corrupt, and unstable countries. The surging resource dependency on China, Russia’s most important strategic partner, intensifies the geopolitical risk to the green transition. We suggest strategies like vertical control of supply chains, specific technology and infrastructure investments, innovation of other green energy sources, and exploration of critical minerals in other countries. Substitution and closed-loop technology also reduce resource dependency and geopolitical risk. However, closed-loop recycling cannot compensate for the short-run growth in the electric vehicle markets. Thus, the circular economy will reduce but not eliminate geopolitical risk. Countries, supply chains, and companies should examine the geopolitical risk and strategic uncertainty associated with different green energy sources and technology.

Vendor Partnerships in Sustainable Supply Chain in Indian Electric Two-Wheeler Industry – A Systematic Review of Literature

“…Energy eventually is but a geopolitical play of nations, and lithium is the new gold (Penn & Lipton, 2021) which will make nations plan accordingly. Nygaard (2022) discusses the geopolitical risks and strategic uncertainty after the Ukraine war, analysing how the circular economy can decrease market power of and resources dependency on critical minerals. Li & Taghizadeh-Hesary (2022) explore the economic feasibility of green hydrogen and fuel cell electric vehicles for transportation in China.…”

MDPI preprint water security

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The Evolution of Supply Chain Integration in the Oil Industry: A Comprehensive Review and Future Perspectives

“…The industry operates in a global market, which means it must navigate complex geopolitical dynamics and comply with varying regulatory frameworks in different countries. Geopolitical tensions and conflicts can disrupt the supply chain and create uncertainties in sourcing raw materials or accessing key markets (Roscoe et al, 2020;Nygaard, 2023). Events such as political instability, trade wars, and sanctions can disrupt the flow of resources, making it difficult for oil and gas companies to maintain sustainable practices.…”