The geotectonic setting, age and mineral deposit inventory of global layered intrusions

The Magmatic Architecture of Continental Flood Basalts I: Observations From the Deccan Traps

“…Instead, both of these studies only found a thick ($$ > $$5 km) magmatic underplating layer at Moho depths. Although there are layered mafic intrusions associated with recent CFBs such as the Doros Complex (∼20 km 3 , Parana–Etendeka CFB, T. Owen‐Smith & Ashwal, 2015), NAIP associated central complexes such as Rum, Mull, Skye ($$< $$100 km 3 , Namur et al., 2010; O'Driscoll, 2007; O'Driscoll et al., 2006), the Skaergaard intrusion (∼280 km 3 , NAIP, Nielsen, 2004), La Balma‐Monte Capio intrusion (CAMP, Denyszyn et al., 2018), and the Graveyard Point Intrusion (Snake River Plain Basalt, $$< $$10 km 3 C. M. White, 2007), they are much much smaller than RLS and the required size for the large magma reservoir model (see Smith & Maier, 2021 for a full catalog of layered mafic intrusions). The one exception to this are the large layered mafic intrusions in the Karoo‐Ferrar province e.g., Dufek‐Forrestal intrusions (10,200–11,880 km 3 , Ferris et al., 1998; Semenov et al., 2014, though could be $$ > $$50,000 km 3 ) as well as other layered intrusion in the region (Elliot & Fleming, 2021; Jordan & Becker, 2018; Semenov et al., 2014).…”

Mass-Balance-Consistent Geological Stock Accounting: A New Approach toward Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources

“…Data acquisition technologies such as satellites and drones that interact the Internet of Things (IoT) facilitate both global mapping of mining land use, and high-resolution mine-site-scale monitoring of production stockpiles and tailings storage facilities. , Such remote and in situ measurements are key to the extractive industry’s Mining 4.0 vision of smart and connected digital transformation. , It is estimated that 95% of EO data have never been accessed, partly due to challenges with managing its volume, variety, veracity, velocity, and the difficulty to extract value (the five Vs) . This indicates that there is a huge potential for Big Earth Data fusion, geospatial artificial intelligence (GeoAI), and cloud-based computing, which together can help improve data accessibility and support investigative approaches also for users with limited knowledge. , Simultaneously, free or relatively inexpensive access to open government servers or proprietary platforms such as Google’s Earth Engine and Microsoft’s Planetary Computer, coupled with geodata modeling environments including the Open Data Cube (ODC) , and advances in data processing and visualization technologies, − facilitate large-area high-resolution geomodeling. − Digital twins , may soon become standard tools for modeling the geological subsurface together with production facilities at mine-site (plant) scale, and may be part of larger models that integrate geological information with urban-scale building- and city information models (BIM/CIM) into regional GeoBIM systems. , Indeed, two decades after the former Vice President of the USA Al Gore outlined his vision of a “Digital Earth”, the UN-led Coalition for Digital Environmental Sustainability has recently declared the development of a “Planetary Digital Twin” a strategic priority for the sustainability transformation. Given the accelerating rate of innovation, we can imagine multidimensional (e.g., 6D = x , y , z + time + scale/resolution + uncertainty) , Digital Earth Science Platforms − that allow us to model historical, monitor ongoing, and simulate future geological and anthropogenic stock changes and material flows through space and time. Multidimensional Geoinformation Management .…”

Vanadium as a critical material: economic geology with emphasis on market and the main deposit types

“…A recent compilation of mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions worldwide (Smith and Maier 2021) indicates that from 565 inventoried intrusions, 74 contain stratiform Fe-Ti-V mineralisation and some also contain stratiform PGE reef-style mineralisation (107), Ni-Cu-(PGE) mineralisation (138), and/or chromitite seams (≥35), and several apatite deposits. While most of vanadium-bearing, titaniferous mineralisation in layered intrusions is concordant, discordant bodies are also known (e.g.…”

“…Figure 2(a)) subdivided proposed layer-forming processes into dynamic (syn-magmatic, hydrodynamic, and late-to post-magmatic) and nondynamic (related to fluctuations in temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity, etc.) (Namur et al 2015;Smith and Maier 2021). Bai et al (2021) indicate that some of these deposits, such as the Hongge intrusion (35% Fe-Ti-V oxides) in southwest China, may have a different origin.…”