The geothermal energy landscape in Indonesia: A comprehensive 2023 update on power generation, policies, risks, phase and the role of education

Harmonizing Biomass Co-Firing with the Green Economy Paradigm: A Sustainable Approach for Indonesia's Energy Landscape

“…Besides fiscal and financial incentives, the government can also provide non-fiscal incentives, such as easier access to permits and licensing, as well as support in technical and managerial capacity development for industry players. (Pambudi and Ulfa 2024) This will help reduce administrative and technical barriers that often hinder the development of renewable energy projects. By providing comprehensive and diverse incentives, the government can create a conducive environment for the development of Biomass Co-firing projects in Indonesia.…”

“…Indonesia, an archipelagic and densely populated country, faces serious challenges in meeting sustainable energy needs while preserving the environment. (Agung Pambudi et al 2024) According to data from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, released in July 2021, Indonesia ranks third as the world's largest coal producer. (Dale and others 2021) In 2020, Indonesia's total coal production reached 562.5 million tons.…”

Green Energy Technologies: A Key Driver in Carbon Emission Reduction

“…The Indonesian government, acknowledging this underutilization, has ambitious plans to expand geothermal power plants to achieve 7000 MW by 2025, with a revised target from the initial 9500 MW, reflecting a more realistic approach. The legal framework has also been adjusted to accelerate this growth; geothermal power generation is no longer classified as mining, facilitating development and investment [251,252] These government initiatives and legal reforms underscore the country's commitment to increasing the share of geothermal energy in the national energy mix, aiming for over 5% by 2025 [253]. Despite the optimistic outlook, the development of geothermal energy in Indonesia faces challenges such as resource assessment, financing, policy shifts, and addressing social and environmental impacts.…”

“…Despite the optimistic outlook, the development of geothermal energy in Indonesia faces challenges such as resource assessment, financing, policy shifts, and addressing social and environmental impacts. Education at various levels and research institutions plays a crucial role in advancing this sector [253].…”

“…The country presents attractive investment opportunities in the green energy sector, encouraging public-private partnerships and foreign investments to foster the growth of sustainable energy projects. Indonesia is actively transitioning to renewable energy, aiming to increase its renewable energy mix from 11% in 2021 to 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050, amidst a predominantly fossil fuel-driven energy scenario in 2021 [253]. However, environmental conservation remains a priority due to its rich biodiversity and extensive rainforests, making it imperative to balance renewable development with ecological preservation.…”