The Glasgow Prognostic Score Predicts Response to Chemotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer

Abstract

Purpose: Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in women worldwide. The Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS), a cumulative prognostic score based on C-reactive protein and albumin, indicates the presence of a systemic inflammatory response. The GPS has been adopted as a powerful prognostic tool for patients with various types of malignant tumors, including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the value of the GPS in predicting the response and toxicity in breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: Patients with metastatic breast cancers in a progressive stage for consideration of chemotherapy were eligible. The clinical characteristics and demographics were recorded. The GPS was calculated before the onset of chemotherapy. Data on the response to chemotherapy and progression-free survival (PFS) were also collected. Objective tumor responses were evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Toxicities were graded according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTC) version 3.0 throughout therapy. Results: In total, 106 breast cancer patients were recruited. The GPS was associated with the response rate (p = 0.05), the clinical benefit rate (p = 0.03), and PFS (p = 0.005). The GPS was the only independent predictor of PFS (p = 0.005). The GPS was significantly associated with neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, and mucositis (p = 0.05-0.001). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that GPS assessment is associated with poor clinical outcomes and severe chemotherapy-related toxicities in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have undergone chemotherapy, without any specific indication regarding the type of chemotherapy applied.

Prognostic Influence of Preoperative Fibrinogen to Albumin Ratio for Breast Cancer

“…Another paper reported that patients with higher albumin level had a 45% reduced risk of death (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40–0.75; p <0.001) compared to those with lower albumin levels [ 23 ]. Other papers have reported the prognostic usefulness of a combination of serum albumin with other markers such as nutritional index (serum albumin with lymphocyte count) [ 24 ], Glasgow prognostic score (serum albumin with C-reactive protein) [ 18 ], and albumin to globulin ratio (serum albumin with globulin) [ 25 ] in breast cancer.…”

“…Recently, systemic inflammatory markers have also been reported to have a prognostic association with breast cancer. Most of these studies reported the prognostic roles of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio [ 16 ], platelet to lymphocyte ratio [ 17 ], or the Glasgow prognostic score [ 18 ] in breast cancer. Little information has been unveiled about the prognostic roles of fibrinogen [ 19 ] or albumin [ 20 ] as single markers or in combination for breast cancer.…”

Circular RNA CirCHIPK3 promotes cell proliferation and invasion of breast cancer by sponging miR‐193a/HMGB1/PI3K/AKT axis

“…1,2 Although a series of studies have been carried out with regard to various therapies for BC patients, prognosis of some patients still remains poor, and the mortality rate is relatively high, due to tumor metastasis. [3][4][5] Therefore, investigation of the potential mechanism of migration and invasion of BC and exploring corresponding medical interventions is urgently required.…”

Comparison of the Therapeutic Efficacy of the Early and the Delayed Use of Vinorelbine-Based Regimens for Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer

“…However, approximately 20-30% of all breast cancer patients who are treated with curative intent develop metastatic disease, and the 5-year OS rate for breast cancer patients with metastatic disease remains low, at approximately 2.0% [12]. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, as reflected by the clinical patterns of the development of distant metastases [13,14]. Although the treatment for MBC is complex and includes a variety of options, chemotherapy remains the core MBC therapy, especially in patients with lung or liver metastases, and in patients with triple-negative breast cancer.…”