The glass transition, segmental relaxations and viscoelastic behaviour of particulate-reinforced natural rubber

Huang, Menglong; Tunnicliffe, Lewis B.; Thomas, A. G.; Busfield, James J. C.

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.03.024

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The variation of dynamic tensile stiffness with temperature is also completely concordant with the classical behavior of polymeric materials. There are various references 12,13 with the same conclusion. In brief, many experimental results demonstrate that the stiffness of polymer materials is enhanced with the decrease of environmental temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

An investigation into the effect of temperature-dependent stiffness of rail pads on vehicle-track coupled vibrations

Wei

Liu

Liang

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:

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To consider the rail pads of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPE), chloroprene rubber (CR), and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) that are usually used in the Chinese subway as test subjects, their static stiffness at temperatures of À40 C to 70 C was measured by a universal testing machine equipped with a temperature control box. Then, the influence of the temperature-dependent stiffness of the rail pads on the vertical vehicle-track coupled vibrations was investigated with application of a vehicle-track coupled dynamic model. It was found that the static stiffness of these rail pads exhibits a nonlinear variation with temperature. Their static stiffness is considerably sensitive to temperatures below 20 C, when the CR rail pad is the most sensitive. At temperatures above 20 C, their static stiffness slightly alters with increasing temperature. The temperature-dependent stiffness of these rail pads mainly affects the vertical vibrations of the vehicle system above the one-third octave center frequency of 31.5 Hz and the vertical rail vibrations near the center frequency of 63 Hz. Moreover, the influence of the low-temperature stiffness of rail pads at À40 C to 20 C is far greater than the effect of the high-temperature stiffness of rail pads at 20-70 C. Thus, TPE, CR, and EPDM rail pads have excellent high-temperature stability and adverse low-temperature sensibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

An investigation into the effect of temperature-dependent stiffness of rail pads on vehicle-track coupled vibrations

Wei

Liu

Liang

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F:

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“…Glass transition temperature ( T g ) of NBR in the vulcanizates at φ = 0.177 was estimated at the middle point of heat capacity jump measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry at a heating rate of 1 °C/min [ 56 , 57 , 58 ] ( Figure S2 ). In the absence of the coupling agent, T g of the filled vulcanizate is the same as that of the gum vulcanizate ( Table S1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Silica/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates with Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquid

et al. 2020

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In this paper we designed greener rubber nanocomposites exhibiting high crosslinking density, and excellent mechanical and thermal properties, with a potential application in technical fields including high-strength and heat-resistance products. Herein 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]OAc) ionic liquid was combined with silane coupling agent to formulate the nanocomposites. The impact of [EMIM]OAc on silica dispersion in a nitrile rubber (NBR) matrix was investigated by a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The combined use of the ionic liquid and silane in an NBR/silica system facilitates the homogeneous dispersion of the silica volume fraction (φ) from 0.041 to 0.177 and enhances crosslinking density of the matrix up to three-fold in comparison with neat NBR, and also it is beneficial for solving the risks of alcohol emission and ignition during the rubber manufacturing. The introduction of ionic liquid greatly improves the mechanical strength (9.7 MPa) with respect to neat NBR vulcanizate, especially at high temperatures e.g., 100 °C. Furthermore, it impacts on rheological behaviors of the nanocomposites and tends to reduce energy dissipation for the vulcanizates under large amplitude dynamic shear deformation.

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“…The magnitude of the Payne effect diminishes as temperature is increased, and a representative example from the literature can be cited for silica-reinforced crosslinked poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). 29 The glass-transition temperature of PDMS is about -130 °C, yet the Payne effect persists at 80 °C, so it is difficult to rationalize polymer segmental dynamics (glass transition response) being solely responsible for the phenomenon, [30][31] although the polymer can still be immobilized near the particles surfaces in terms of longer-time chain dynamics. 32 There are various mechanisms proposed in the literature to explain the thermal weakening of the Payne effect: (1) an effect from the filler network itself wherein filler-filler interactions reversibly dissociate with increasing temperature; 6,33 (2) temperature-dependent slippage / desorption of polymer chains at the filler NP surfaces; 7,34 (3) reduced thickness of an immobilized polymer layer around NPs (glassy shell) as temperature is increased; [35][36][37][38] and (4) thermal expansion of the polymer matrix with heating, which increases the distances between filler particles, thus lessening the interactions between particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Payne Effect: Primarily Polymer-Related or Filler-Related Phenomenon?

Warasitthinon

Genix

Sztucki

et al. 2019

Rubber Chemistry and Technology

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The hysteretic softening at small dynamic strains (Payne effect)—related to the rolling resistance and viscoelastic losses of tires—was studied as a function of particle size, filler volume fraction, and temperature for carbon black (CB) reinforced uncrosslinked styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and a paste-like material composed of CB-filled paraffin oil. The low-strain limit for dynamic storage modulus was found to be remarkably similar for CB-filled oil and the CB-filled SBR. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements on the simple composites and detailed data analysis confirmed that the aggregate structures and nature of filler branching/networking of carbon black were virtually identical within oil compared to the high molecular weight polymer matrix. The combined dynamic rheology and SAXS results provide clear evidence that the deformation-induced breaking (unjamming) of the filler network—characterized by filler–filler contacts that are percolated throughout the material—is the main cause for the Payne effect. However, the polymer matrix does play a secondary role as demonstrated by a reduction in Payne effect magnitude with increasing temperature for the CB-reinforced rubber, which was not observed to a significant extent for the oil–CB system.

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The glass transition, segmental relaxations and viscoelastic behaviour of particulate-reinforced natural rubber

Cited by 43 publications

References 50 publications

An investigation into the effect of temperature-dependent stiffness of rail pads on vehicle-track coupled vibrations

An investigation into the effect of temperature-dependent stiffness of rail pads on vehicle-track coupled vibrations

Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Silica/Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates with Eco-Friendly Ionic Liquid

The Payne Effect: Primarily Polymer-Related or Filler-Related Phenomenon?

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