The glenohumeral ligaments: Superior, middle, and inferior: Anatomy, biomechanics, injury, and diagnosis

Fox, Allison M.; Fox, Olivia; Schär, Michael; Chaudhury, Salma; Warren, Russell F.; Rodeo, Scott A.

doi:10.1002/ca.23717

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(212 reference statements)

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“…The higher stress of the posterior deltoid muscle may be due to the increase in load changed the motion trajectory, which caused an increase in stress. In addition, the glenohumeral ligament is a statically stable structure of the shoulder joint and is one of the main stabilizing factors of the shoulder during abduction 32 . The finite element model showed that the tensile strain of IGHL is the most obvious with increasing abrasion and load, which is more likely to cause tissue damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different loads on the shoulder in abduction postures: a finite element analysis

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Load can change the mechanical environment of dynamic and static stable structures of the shoulder joint, increase the risk of tissue damage and affect the stability of the shoulder joint, but its biomechanical mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, a finite element model of the shoulder joint was constructed to analyze the mechanical index changes of shoulder joint abduction under different loads. The stress of the articular side on the supraspinatus tendon was higher than that of the capsular side, with a maximum difference of 43% due to the increased load. For the deltoid muscle and glenohumeral ligaments, increases in stress and strain were obvious in the middle and posterior deltoid muscles and inferior glenohumeral ligaments. The above results indicate that load increases the stress difference between the articular side and the capsular side on the supraspinatus tendon and increases the mechanical indices of the middle and posterior deltoid muscles, as well as the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The increased stress and strain in these specific sites can lead to tissue injury and affect the stability of the shoulder joint.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different loads on the shoulder in abduction postures: a finite element analysis

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…Moreover, specific zones of the capsule are reinforced by extrinsic and intrinsic ligaments that contribute to the stabilization of the shoulder. The superior, middle, and inferior glenohumeral ligaments are rather inconstant and highly variable thickenings of the capsule that are best observed from the inner side of the joint cavity during arthroscopic procedures [15]. There is an ongoing debate about the exact anatomy of the glenohumeral ligaments, which is, however, beyond the scope of this work.…”

Section: Relevant Anatomymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In its most typical appearance, the middle glenohumeral ligament originates from the supraglenoid tubercle in close contiguity to the superior glenohumeral ligament and inserts in the humeral neck just medial to the lesser tuberosity or into the deep surface of the subscapularis tendon [17]. The inferior glenohumeral ligament has been reported in between 72% and 93% of subjects [15,18]. When present, the ligament has a hammock-like shape and is constituted by a constant anterior band arising from the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum between 3 and 5 o'clock and an inconstant posterior band, which can be observed in 41-73% of cases and arises from the posteroinferior aspect of the glenoid labrum between 7 and 9 o'clock.…”

Section: Relevant Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Current Concepts on the Diagnostic Work-Up and Evidence-Based Protocol for Radiological Evaluation

Picasso,

Pistoia,

Zaottini

et al. 2023

Diagnostics

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Adhesive capsulitis is an idiopathic and disabling disorder characterized by intense shoulder pain and progressive limitation of active and passive glenohumeral joint range of motion. Although adhesive capsulitis has been traditionally considered a diagnosis of exclusion that can be established based on a suggestive medical history and the detection of supporting findings at the physical exam, imaging studies are commonly requested to confirm the diagnostic suspicion and to exclude other causes of shoulder pain. Indeed, clinical findings may be rather unspecific, and may overlap with diseases like calcific tendinitis, rotator cuff pathology, acromioclavicular or glenohumeral arthropathy, autoimmune disorders, and subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis. Magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance arthrography, and high-resolution ultrasound have shown high sensitivity and accuracy in diagnosing adhesive capsulitis through the demonstration of specific pathological findings, including thickening of the joint capsule and of the coracohumeral ligament, fibrosis of the subcoracoid fat triangle, and extravasation of gadolinium outside the joint recesses. This narrative review provides an updated analysis of the current concepts on the role of imaging modalities in patients with adhesive capsulitis, with the final aim of proposing an evidence-based imaging protocol for the radiological evaluation of this condition.

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“…Of all joints in the human body, the shoulder joint is the most mobile, due to its unique anatomical structure: the articular surface of the humeral head is indeed three times larger than the articular surface of the acetabulum, allowing for a wider range of movement [9]. Joint stabilizers (both static and dynamic) further impact the joint's mobility, affecting the entire upper limb's ability to grasp and manipulate objects with adequate efficiency [10]. On the other side, this high mobility is also responsible for the increased predisposition to dislocations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder Dislocation Incidence and Risk Factors—Rural vs. Urban Populations of Poland

Szyluk

Niemiec

Sieroń

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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(1) Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of shoulder dislocation and to estimate non-modifiable risk factors in rural and urban subgroups in Poland. (2) Methods: The study covered the entire Polish population, divided into urban and rural subgroups and observed between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2014. The study population consisted of Polish patients with a diagnosis of shoulder dislocation (S43.0) in accordance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Records were obtained from the public health care provider National Health Found (Narodowy Fundusz Zdrowia, NFZ). Based on these data, we assessed shoulder dislocation incidence and risk rates, stratifying the study sample by sex, age and place of residence (rural or urban) using the Central Statistical Office (GUS) personal territorial code (TERYT). (3) The incidence was 25.97/100,000 person-years in rural areas and 25.62/100,000 person-years in urban areas. We did not find significant differences in the incidence between the two subgroups. The highest incidence (75.12/100,000 person-years) and the highest risk for shoulder dislocation were found among subjects 80+ years old living in urban areas. Furthermore, men in the third decade of their life living in urban areas showed the highest risk (OR = 7.8, 95% CI; 6.44–9.45, p < 0.001). In both subgroups, the likelihood of shoulder dislocation was significantly lower for the female sex and among children ≤9 years old. However, girls living in rural areas presented with a significantly higher likelihood for dislocation compared with their peers living in urban environments. (4) Conclusions: No significant difference in the incidence rate of shoulder dislocation between Polish residents living in rural and urban areas emerged. The highest incidence was observed among female subjects 80+ years old living in urban environments. The highest risk was found among men in the third decade of their life living in urban areas. In addition, girls in the first decade of their life living in rural areas had more shoulder dislocations than girls living in urban environments. Shoulder dislocation is dominant in female subjects aged 70–79 living in rural areas and in females 80+ years old living in urban areas.

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The glenohumeral ligaments: Superior, middle, and inferior: Anatomy, biomechanics, injury, and diagnosis

Cited by 6 publications

References 149 publications

Effect of different loads on the shoulder in abduction postures: a finite element analysis

Effect of different loads on the shoulder in abduction postures: a finite element analysis

Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder: Current Concepts on the Diagnostic Work-Up and Evidence-Based Protocol for Radiological Evaluation

Shoulder Dislocation Incidence and Risk Factors—Rural vs. Urban Populations of Poland

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