The global burden of pressure ulcers among patients with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

<jats:p>Background: Pressure ulcer one of the common challenging public health problems affecting patient with spinal cord injury is the formation of lesion and ulceration on the skin specially in the bony prominence areas. It has a significant impact to the patient and health care system. Moreover it has psychological physical social burden and decrease the quality of life (QoL) of patients. Despite its serious complications limited evidence is available on the global magnitude of pressure ulcers among patient with spinal cord injury. Hence the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the global magnitude of pressure ulcers among patient with spinal cord injury. Methods: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Africa journal online PsycINFO and web-science were systematically searched online to retrieve related articles. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was followed. The random-effects model was fitted to estimate the summary effect. To investigate heterogeneity across the included studies I2 test was employed. Publication bias was examined using funnel plot and Egger regression test statistic. All statistical analysis was done using STATA version 14 software for windows. Results: Twenty-four studies which comprises of 600 078 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The global pooled magnitude of pressure ulcer among patients with spinal cord injury was 32.36% (95% CI (28.21- 36.51%)). Based on the subgroup analysis, the highest magnitude of pressure ulcer was observed in Africa 41.19% (95% CI: 31.70- 52.18). Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that about one in three patients with spinal cord injury had pressure ulcers. This implies that the overall global magnitude of pressure ulcer is relatively high. Therefore, policymakers (FMoH) and other concerned bodies need give special attention to reduce the magnitude of pressure ulcers in patient with spinal cord injury.</jats:p>

Malt Quality Characteristics of Selected Maize Varieties

“…Varieties, AMH-851, BH-540 and BH-520 insignificantly varied and showed the highest protein content. The measure of inorganic matters called total minerals of the grains insignificantly varied and ranged from 1.12 to 1.58%, which is in a good agreement with the result reported by Tsegay et al [26]. Another study conducted on the variation in the chemical composition and physical characteristics of cereal grains also reported a mean of 9.3% crude protein content for maize genotypes [27].…”