The global distribution ofBanana bunchy top virusreveals little evidence for frequent recent, human-mediated long distance dispersal events

Abstract

Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV; family Nanoviridae, genus Babuvirus) is a multi-component single-stranded DNA virus, which infects banana plants in many regions of the world, often resulting in large-scale crop losses. We analyzed 171 banana leaf samples from fourteen countries and recovered, cloned, and sequenced 855 complete BBTV components including ninety-four full genomes. Importantly, full genomes were determined from eight countries, where previously no full genomes were available (Samoa, Burundi, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Indonesia, the Philippines, and the USA [HI]). Accounting for recombination and genome component reassortment, we examined the geographic structuring of global BBTV populations to reveal that BBTV likely originated in Southeast Asia, that the current global hotspots of BBTV diversity are Southeast Asia/Far East and India, and that BBTV populations circulating elsewhere in the world have all potentially originated from infrequent introductions. Most importantly, we find that rather than the current global BBTV distribution being due to increases in human-mediated movements of bananas over the past few decades, it is more consistent with a pattern of infrequent introductions of the virus to different parts of the world over the past 1,000 years.

Molecular characterization of banana bunchy top virus isolate from Sri Lanka and its genetic relationship with other isolates

“…BBTV isolates from all continents have been characterized based on the genomic DNA components of the virus [39]. Based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA-R, Karan et al [26] divided BBTV isolates into two groups such as a PIO group and South-East Asian (SEA) group.…”

Alphasatellitidae: a new family with two subfamilies for the classification of geminivirus- and nanovirus-associated alphasatellites

“…The bona fide genome components of a nanovirus genome share two 1 3 regions of sequence similarity known as the common region stem-loop (CR-SL) and the common region major (CRM; Figure 1). The DNA-R component of nanoviruses encodes a replication-associated protein (Rep) [7,12,13,15,16,25,38,42] which is involved in replicating all bona fide genome components.…”

Towards understanding the structure of the capsid of Banana Bunchy Top Virus

“…Globally, many groups have worked on characterizing BBTV from various countries like Pakistan (Amin et al, 2008), Africa (Kumar et al, 2011), China (Yu et al, 2011), Indonesia (Chiaki et al, 2015;Stainton et al, 2015), India (Banerjee et al, 2014;Selvarajan et al, 2010;Selvarajan & Balasubramanian, 2013;Vishnoi et al, 2009) and Srilanka (Wickramaarachchi et al, 2016). Since, BBTV is naturally transmitted by aphid vectors, a number of studies have been undertaken to get a deeper understanding of the mechanism of transmission (Hooks et al, 2009;Watanabe et al, 2016).…”

“…Recently, paper-based gene based sensors have been developed for identifying contagious plant viruses in the fields (Wei et al, 2014). Since BBTV has a multipartite genome, different studies have focused on the recombination and reassortment ability of BBTV genome (Stainton et al, 2015). Fu et al, (2009) have researched on the evolution of BBTV by studying the various recombination events (Fu et al, 2009).…”

“…Fu et al, (2009) have researched on the evolution of BBTV by studying the various recombination events (Fu et al, 2009). A recent study involving identification and in silico characterization of defective molecules associated with isolates of BBTV has suggested the involvement of defective DNA-R molecules (Stainton et al, 2015). An interesting study by Zhuang et al has revealed the antagonistic effect of BBTV multifunctional protein B4 against Fusarium oxysporium (Zhuang et al, 2016).…”