The global establishment of a highly-fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198 strain

Abstract

While the spread of Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky resistant to ciprofloxacin across Africa and the Middle-East has been described recently, the presence of this strain in humans, food, various animal species (livestock, pets, and wildlife) and in environment is suspected in other countries of different continents. Here, we report results of an in-depth molecular epidemiological study on a global human and non-human collection of S. Kentucky (n = 70). We performed XbaI-pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing, assessed mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions, detected β-lactam resistance mechanisms, and screened the presence of the Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). In this study, we highlight the rapid and extensive worldwide dissemination of the ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198-X1-SGI1 strain since the mid-2000s in an increasingly large number of contaminated sources, including the environment. This strain has accumulated an increasing number of chromosomal and plasmid resistance determinants and has been identified in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Europe since 2010. The second substitution at position 87 in GyrA (replacing the amino acid Asp) appeared helpful for epidemiological studies to track the origin of contamination. This global study provides evidence leading to the conclusion that high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in S. Kentucky is a simple microbiological trait that facilitates the identification of the epidemic clone of interest, ST198-X1-SGI1. Taking this into account is essential in order to detect and monitor it easily and to take rapid measures in livestock to ensure control of this infection.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from bovine and ovine samples in slaughterhouses of Algiers, Algeria

“…In addition to streptomycin, resistance to aminoglycosides involved also gentamicin, (10.71%); all of the isolates resistant to this drug are belonging to S. Kentucky serovar. A similar result has been registered by Bouzidi et al (2012) and Le Hello et al (2013).…”

Quinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella enterica Serovars Hadar, Kentucky, Virchow, Schwarzengrund, and 4,5,12:i:−, Isolated from Humans in Switzerland, and Identification of a Novel qnrD Variant, qnrD2 , in S . Hadar

“…(N05-1087, N06-0062, N06-1493, N06-1616, N07-0953, and N08-1057) contained mutations in codon Asp87, which has been reported to be useful for tracking the geographical origin of the pandemic ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky strain ST198 (20).…”

Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of Salmonella isolates from the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, China

“…Quinolone antibiotics had been used widely in the treatment of enteric fever [6]. The resistance to quinolones is caused by amino acid substitutions in the quinolone resistance determining region of the DNA gyrase, subunit gyrA, gyrB, or DNA topoisomerase IV.…”