The Global Mental Health Imperative and the Role of the World Health Organization within the UN 2030 Agenda

Saxena, Shekhar; Davidson, Laura

doi:10.4324/9780429397844-1

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Internationally, suicide is the 15th most common cause of mortality, accounting for 1.4% of all deaths, and the second leading cause among 15- to 29-year-olds globally. 1 Risk factors for suicide include low income and unemployment, 2,3 inherited traits for suicidality, 4 negative life events 5 and psychiatric disorders. 6 Suicide epidemiology is characterised by marked regional variation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Suicide epidemiology is characterised by marked regional variation. 1 Age-standardised suicide rates are slightly lower in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (11.2 v. 12.7 per 100 000 population). 1 Although data from some LMICs are of poorer quality, and suicide is likely to have been underreported in some of these countries, it is estimated that 75.5% of all suicides globally occur in LMICs because of their relatively larger population size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Suicide risk among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants and the Swedish-born majority population

et al. 2019

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BackgroundIt has been hypothesised that refugees have an increased risk of suicide.AimsTo investigate whether risk of suicide is higher among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants from the same areas of origin and with the Swedish-born population, and to examine whether suicide rates among migrants converge to the Swedish-born population over time.MethodA population-based cohort design using linked national registers to follow 1 457 898 people born between 1 January 1970 and 31 December 1984, classified by migrant status as refugees, non-refugee migrants or Swedish-born. Participants were followed from their 16th birthday or date of arrival in Sweden until death, emigration or 31 December 2015, whichever came first. Cox regression models estimated adjusted hazard ratios for suicide by migrant status, controlling for age, gender, region of origin and income.ResultsThere were no significant differences in suicide risk between refugee and non-refugee migrants (hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.93–1.76) and both groups had a lower risk of suicide than Swedish born. During their first 5 years in Sweden no migrants died by suicide; however, after 21–31 years their suicide risk was equivalent to the Swedish-born population (hazard ratio 0.94, 95% CI 0.79–1.22). After adjustment for income this risk was significantly lower for migrants than the Swedish-born population.ConclusionsBeing a refugee was not an additional risk factor for suicide. Our findings regarding temporal changes in suicide risk suggest that acculturation and socioeconomic deprivation may account for a convergence of suicide risk between migrants and the host population over time.Declaration of interestNone.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide risk among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants and the Swedish-born majority population

et al. 2019

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“…Self-harm refers to a range of behaviors in which individuals deliberately initiate actions with an intention to harm themselves regardless of types of motivation or the extent of suicidal intent [ 1 , 2 ]. This definition is often used because suicidal intent can be problematic to judge as it may be surrounded by ambivalence or even disguise [ 3 ]. There is no formal autonomous diagnosis for self-harm without suicidal attempt in ICD 10, DS M-IV or DSM-5.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic position and self-harm among adolescents: a population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden

Lodebo

Möller

Larsson

et al. 2017

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health

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BackgroundUnderstanding the association between parental socioeconomic position and self-harm in adolescence is crucial due to its substantial magnitude and associated inequality. Most previous studies have been either of cross-sectional nature or based solely on self-reports or hospital treated self-harm. The aim of this study is to determine the association between parental socioeconomic position and self-harm among adolescents with a specific focus on gender and severity of self-harm.MethodsA total of 165,932 adolescents born 1988–1994 who lived in Stockholm at the age of 13 were followed in registers until they turned 18. Self-harm was defined as first time self-harm and severity of self-harm was defined as hospitalized or not. Socioeconomic position was defined by parental education and household income. Cox proportional hazards regression were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsAnalyses showed an association between parental socioeconomic position and self-harm. Among adolescents with parents with primary and secondary education compared to tertiary parental education the HR were 1.10 (95% CI 0.97–1.24) and 1.16 (95% CI 1.08–1.25) respectively. Compared to the highest income category, adolescents from the lower income categories were 1.08 (95% CI 0.97–1.22) to 1.19 (95% CI 1.07–1.33) times more likely to self-harm. In gender-stratified analyses, an association was found only among girls. Further, restriction to severe cases eliminated the association.ConclusionsThis study suggested that low parental socioeconomic position is associated with self-harm in adolescence, predominantly among girls. The desertion of an association among severe cases may be explained by differences in suicidal intent and underlying psychiatric diagnosis. Efforts to prevent self-harm should consider children with low parental socioeconomic position as a potential target group.

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“… 1 , 2 It has been estimated that for every actual suicide, an additional 20 people attempt to commit suicide. 3 , 4 , 5 This is equivalent to an attempted suicide every 1 to 3 s and a successful suicide every 40 s. 4 Between 9.5% and 11% of all non-natural deaths in South Africa are suicide related. 6 , 7 In 2007, 3428 people committed suicide in South Africa, 8 , 9 and the current suicide rate in the country is estimated at 13.4 per 100 000 members of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 10 With such alarming numbers, deliberate self-harm (DSH) has been recognised as a global health challenge, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued a clarion call for action. 4 Despite this call, there has been little urgency in identifying and preventing DSH. 4 , 11…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of patients presenting to accident and emergency department with deliberate self-harm, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Ani

Ross

Campbell

2017

Afr. j. prim. health care fam. med.

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BackgroundThe World Health Organization has described deliberate self-harm (DSH) as a major global health challenge. Little is known about the profile of patients admitted following DSH at district and regional combo hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.AimThe aim of this study was to assess the profiles of patients and reasons for admission following DSH.SettingThe study was conducted on data from a busy Accident and Emergency (A&E) department in a combination district and regional hospital situated in Empangeni in northern KwaZulu-Natal.MethodThis was a retrospective descriptive study. Data were collected from charts of all patients admitted to the A&E department from April 2012 to March 2013 following DSH. Variables assessed included age, gender, race, occupation, religion, education level, coexisting medical and mental health conditions, and reasons for DSH. Data were entered into SPSS and analysed descriptively.ResultsA total of 262 charts were identified and 215 (82%) were selected for inclusion. Most patients admitted following DSH were young, single African women with at least secondary-level education. Most (169/215;78%) admissions were for parasuicide, with relational issues contributing in more than 50% of cases and circumstance challenges contributing in just under 30%.ConclusionAlthough an underestimation, DSH is not an uncommon reason for patients to present in the A&E at this district and regional combo hospital. Findings from this study are consistent with those of other studies on DSH and highlight the need for a validated screening tool for the identification of patients at risk of DSH. There is a need to explore community-based intervention, which could address reasons for DSH and prevent future admissions.

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The Global Mental Health Imperative and the Role of the World Health Organization within the UN 2030 Agenda

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Suicide risk among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants and the Swedish-born majority population

Suicide risk among refugees compared with non-refugee migrants and the Swedish-born majority population

Socioeconomic position and self-harm among adolescents: a population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden

A review of patients presenting to accident and emergency department with deliberate self-harm, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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