The global, regional, and national burden and quality of care index (QCI) of colorectal cancer; a global burden of disease systematic analysis 1990–2019

Abstract

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the five most incident and lethal cancers in world and its burden varies between countries and sexes. We aimed to present a comprehensive measure called the quality of care index (QCI) to evaluate the inequity and healthcare quality of care regarding CRC by sex and location. Methods Data on the burden of CRC were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. It was transformed to four ratios, including mortality-to-incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)-to-prevalence, prevalence-to-incidence, and years of life lost (YLLs)-to-years lived with disability (YLDs). Principal component analysis was implemented on the four ratios and the most influential component was considered as QCI with a score ranging from zero to 100, for which higher scores represented better quality of care. Gender Disparity Ratio (GDR) was calculated by dividing QCI for females by males. Results The global incidence and death numbers of CRC were 2,166,168 (95% uncertainty interval: 1,996,298–2,342,842) and 1,085,797 (1,002,795–1,149,679) in 2019, respectively. Globally, QCI and GDR values were 77.6 and 1.0 respectively in 2019. There was a positive association between the level of quality of care and socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles. Region of the Americas and African Region had the highest and lowest QCI values, respectively (84.4 vs. 23.6). The QCI values started decreasing beyond the age of 75 in 2019 worldwide. Conclusion There is heterogeneity in QCI between SDI quintiles. More attention should be paid to people aged more than 75 years old because of the lower quality of care in this group.

The Burden of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer and Its Risk Factors from 1990 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

“…Based on the up-to-date data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019, [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] we systematically reported the incidence, deaths, and DALYs of EoCRC and its risk factors at the global, regional, and national levels in relation to year, age, sex, geographic location, and sociodemographic index (SDI) from 1990 to 2019. Although the burden of CRC and its risk factors based on GBD 2019 have been well estimated [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], there is no one study focusing specifically on EoCRC. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the burden of EoCRC and its risk factors based on the latest data from the GBD 2019.…”

Global, regional, and national burden and quality of care index (QCI) of bipolar disorder: A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990 to 2019

“…More details of the protocol used in generating QCI based on DALYs, mortality, prevalence, incidence, YLLs, and YLDs ratios have been fully elaborated elsewhere (Mohammadi et al, 2020). This method has been previously employed in various papers to demonstrate QCI in different diseases, including endocarditis (Momtazmanesh et al, 2022), ischemic heart disease (Aminorroaya et al, 2022), liver cancer (Ghamari et al, 2022), pancreatic cancer (Aryannejad et al, 2021), colorectal cancer (Nejadghaderi et al, 2022), thyroid cancer (Azadnajafabad et al, 2021), brain and other central nervous system (CNS) cancers (Mohammadi et al, 2021), gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (Khanali et al, 2021), lip and oral cavity cancer (Sofi-Mahmudi et al, 2021), child and adolescents (Hanifiha et al, 2022), non-rheumatic valvular heart diseases (Nejad et al, 2022), and hematologic malignancies (Keykhaei et al, 2021).…”

Expansion of the quality of care index on breast cancer and its risk factors using the global burden of disease study 2019

“…Calculation details and codes of QCI are available in a published protocol 26 . Also, other published articles utilizing the QCI to evaluate quality of care are available to prove the efficacy of this proxy 27‐38 . In summary, QCI is generated from the integration of four indices of mortality to incidence ratio (MIR), DALYs to prevalence ratio, prevalence to incidence ratio, and YLLs to YLDs ratio compiled by the principal component analysis (PCA) method 39 .…”

“… 26 Also, other published articles utilizing the QCI to evaluate quality of care are available to prove the efficacy of this proxy. 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 In summary, QCI is generated from the integration of four indices of mortality to incidence ratio (MIR), DALYs to prevalence ratio, prevalence to incidence ratio, and YLLs to YLDs ratio compiled by the principal component analysis (PCA) method. 39 The QCI scores are scaled into 0 to 100, as higher scores indicate better quality of care.…”