The Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission

Eastes, R.; McClintock, W. E.; Burns, A. G.; Anderson, D. N.; Andersson, L.; Codrescu, M.; Correira, J.; Daniell, R. E.; England, S.; Evans, J. S.; Harvey, James E.; Krywonos, Andrey; Lumpe, J. D.; Richmond, A. D.; Rusch, D. W.; Siegmund, Oswald H. W.; Solomon, Stanley C.; Strickland, D. J.; Woods, Thomas N.; Aksnes, A.; Budzien, S. A.; Dymond, K. F.; Eparvier, F. G.; Martinis, C. R.; Oberheide, J.

doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0392-2

Cited by 144 publications

(202 citation statements)

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“…The SNR is calculated as

boldSNR = \frac{boldS \cdot boldR \cdot boldt}{\sqrt{S \cdot R \cdot t + B \cdot t}}

where S is the sensitivity of the detector, R is the total signal, t is time, and B is the background particle counts. The measured sensitivity for the O 135.6‐nm portion of the detector that observes a 50 × 40 km 2 footprint with the high resolution slit (Eastes et al, ) is S O = 5.1 × 10 −2 counts Rayleigh −1 s −1 , while S LBH = 3.5 × 10 −2 counts Rayleigh −1 s −1 . The low resolution slit, which is twice as wide and doubles the signal levels, also provides the spectral resolution needed for observations of emission brightness but with better signal to noise.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Temperatures can be retrieved using observations taken with either the narrowest slit or the medium width slit. At a SNR of 100 the expected uncertainty in the temperatures retrieved is better than ±30 K (Eastes et al, ) in a pixel. Consequently, gravity waves producing a 10% change in the temperatures (~600 K) near the peak (~160 km) of the N 2 emission are expected to be observable.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeled Gravity Wave‐Like Perturbations in the Brightness of Far Ultraviolet Emissions for the GOLD Mission

et al. 2018

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The NASA Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission will study the coupling of the thermosphere with the lower atmosphere through an examination of temperature and composition, allowing the study of atmospheric waves. A key mechanism of energy and momentum transport between atmospheric regions is gravity waves. GOLD is an imaging spectrograph that will measure Earth's airglow emissions (both nightglow and dayglow) in the far ultraviolet range from 132 to 162 nm, including the atomic oxygen doublet at 135.6 nm and molecular nitrogen Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield bands. GOLD will be the first instrument to make such measurements from the perspective of a geostationary orbit, which creates unique challenges and opportunities for observing atmospheric waves. Here we model the ability of the GOLD imager to detect a gravity wave‐like perturbation from the emergent brightness variations using a combination of a general circulation model and a model of the thermospheric airglow in the far ultraviolet. A 10% perturbation in temperature (±59 K at 150 km) and constituent densities is introduced into the vertical columns of the atmosphere, which results in a ±1.5 Rayleigh perturbation to the brightness of both spectral features, with the same wave period as the introduced perturbation. For the expected total signal, particle background counts, and chosen spectral feature, signal‐to‐noise calculations indicate that integration for several minutes will allow gravity wave perturbations to be observed in brightness perturbations on a single pixel of an image.

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“…The SNR is calculated as

boldSNR = \frac{boldS \cdot boldR \cdot boldt}{\sqrt{S \cdot R \cdot t + B \cdot t}}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeled Gravity Wave‐Like Perturbations in the Brightness of Far Ultraviolet Emissions for the GOLD Mission

et al. 2018

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“…One image contains O/N

_{2}

data at 104 latitudes and 92 longitudes for solar zenith angles

<

80°, and approximately 68 images are taken during 1 day. See Eastes et al () for a detailed description of the GOLD imaging. Figure a exemplifies the daytime mean O/N

_{2}

measurements in which all 68 individual images for the geomagnetically quiet day 15 December 2018 (Day 349, 3‐hourly Kp

<

0.3) have been averaged.…”

Section: Data and Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermospheric Composition O/N Response to an Altered Meridional Mean Circulation During Sudden Stratospheric Warmings Observed by GOLD

Oberheide

Pedatella

Gan

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Observations from the recently launched Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) instrument on the geostationary SES‐14 communications satellite reveal a substantial response of the mean state of the thermosphere to the Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event in early January 2019. The observed O/N 2 column density depletion of more than 10% starts at the onset of the SSW, maximizes at the time of the stratospheric wind reversal, and recovers toward the end of the SSW. A connection between SSW and thermospheric composition was previously predicted by model simulations but could not be observed before. The GOLD measurements support the scenario that enhanced global‐scale wave activity during SSWs causes an enhanced wave driving of the lower thermosphere zonal mean circulation that leads to a reduction in lower thermosphere atomic oxygen, which then propagates through molecular diffusion into the upper thermosphere.

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“…The main scientific objective of GOLD is to understand the "weather" response of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere system to forcing from above and below, and the formation and evolution of EPBs is a primary scientific question (Eastes et al, 2017(Eastes et al, , 2019. The main scientific objective of GOLD is to understand the "weather" response of the Earth's thermosphere and ionosphere system to forcing from above and below, and the formation and evolution of EPBs is a primary scientific question (Eastes et al, 2017(Eastes et al, , 2019.…”

Section: Data Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated Ground‐Based and Space‐Based Observations of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

Zou

Eastes

et al. 2020

JGR Space Physics

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This paper presents coordinated and fortuitous ground-based and spaceborne observations of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) over the South American area on 24 October 2018, combining the following measurements: Global-scale Observations of Limb and Disk far ultraviolet emission images, Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, Swarm in situ plasma density observations, ionosonde virtual height and drift data, and cloud brightness temperature data. The new observations from the Global-scale Observations of Limb and Disk/ultraviolet imaging spectrograph taken at geostationary orbit provide a unique opportunity to image the evolution of plasma bubbles near the F peak height over a large geographic area from a fixed longitude location. The combined multi-instrument measurements provide a more integrated and comprehensive way to study the morphological structure, development, and seeding mechanism of EPBs. The main results of this study are as follows: (1) The bubbles developed a westward tilted structure with 10-15 • inclination relative to the local geomagnetic field lines, with eastward drift velocity of 80-120 m/s near the magnetic equator that gradually decreased with increasing altitude/latitude. (2) Wave-like oscillations in the bottomside F layer and detrended total electron content were observed, which are probably due to upward propagating atmospheric gravity waves. The wavelength based on the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance signature was consistent with the interbubble distance of ∼500-800 km. (3) The atmospheric gravity waves that originated from tropospheric convective zone are likely to play an important role in seeding the development of this equatorial EPBs event.Plain Language Summary This study presents multi-instrument observations of equatorial plasma density depletions occurred on 24 October 2018 by using Global-scale Observations of Limb and Disk far ultraviolet images, Global Navigation Satellite System total electron content data, electron density measurements from Swarm satellite, ionosonde measurements, and cloud temperature data. This multi-instrument study generated an integrated and detailed image revealing both large-scale and mesoscale structures of the equatorial plasma depletion. Our results also suggest that atmospheric gravity waves originating from tropospheric convection activity could play a significant seeding role in the development of equatorial plasma bubbles. Key Points: • Combined GOLD/UV spectrograph images and ground-based TEC data revealed EPB features and development over a large geographic area • Bottomside F layer oscillations and traveling ionospheric disturbance were observed by ionosonde and detrended TEC results • Atmospheric gravity waves likely play an important role in seeding the R-T instability and the development of this EPB event Correspondence to: E. Aa,

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The Global-Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission

Cited by 144 publications

References 70 publications

Modeled Gravity Wave‐Like Perturbations in the Brightness of Far Ultraviolet Emissions for the GOLD Mission

Modeled Gravity Wave‐Like Perturbations in the Brightness of Far Ultraviolet Emissions for the GOLD Mission

Thermospheric Composition O/N Response to an Altered Meridional Mean Circulation During Sudden Stratospheric Warmings Observed by GOLD

Coordinated Ground‐Based and Space‐Based Observations of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles

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