The global system of international migrations, 1900 and 2000: a comparative approach

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to compare international migrations in two different periods of history, both of them marked by a rapid increase in the trend: the first period runs from 1870 to 1914, and the second from 1965 to 2000. Historical and current migration system maps are compared, together with their different combinations of push and pull factors, and of coerced and free migrations. The various repercussions that international migrations have on demographic structure and on the economic systems of the sending and receiving countries are counterbalanced by a number of significant analogies that occur at the microlevel (individual and community) of the mechanisms governing the decision to migrate, and of migrants’ identities and behavioural patterns. The final section shows that migrants in both periods retain ties to both their old and new countries (as indicated by remittances and return migration), despite the major obstacles that stand in the way of the free circulation of international migrants today. This suggests that an analysis of migration systems, emphasizing ongoing interactions of various sorts between sending and receiving areas, is superior to either a model based on the presumption that assimilation will occur over time or one which presumes an irreducible ‘multiculturalism’.

Cross-Border Migration and Social Inequalities

“…This argument points toward a change in the dominant inequalities, in that income has been connected more and more with membership in social units (national states), whereas exploitation has become less significant as a mechanism of inequality. Although this argument may describe a plausible driving force of migration, it needs to be supported by political factors: Although the pull exerted by wages, for example, is higher today than more than a century ago, there is a mitigating factor, namely that the overwhelming majority of immigration countries enforce much greater control and restriction than in the past (Gozzini 2006). Nonetheless, in the 1990s income inequality between countries accounted for roughly two-thirds of overall world income inequality (Korzeniewicz & Moran 2009).…”

Komunikasi dalam Adaptasi Antara Budaya Tenaga Kerja Indonesia di Malaysia

“…Dengan begitu, pergerakan penduduk dunia telah wujud daripada zaman semasa teknologi komunikasi dan pengangkutan belum canggih seperti sekarang. Dunia global dan perkembangannya sentiasa membawa perubahan ke atas beberapa aspek seperti demografi, pembangunan dan demokrasi sesebuah negara yang boleh membawa pada perkembangan rangkaian sosial dan migrasi pada industri global (Hugo, 2006;Gozzini, 2006). Bahkan beberapa sarjana melihat penghijrahan sebagai satu proses melingkar di mana perubahan dalam masyarakat dunia wujud sebagai sesuatu yang dinamik dan pekerja migran tidak lagi dilihat sebagai tetamu, tetapi sebagai ciri masa depan sebuah masyarakat sosial (Vertovec, 2007;Schierup et al, 2006).…”

“…Di negara destinasi penghijrahan, selalunya terdapat dua golongan pasar pekerjaan iaitu kumpulan primer yang diperuntukkan bagi warga tempatan dan juga kumpulan menengah dengan pekerjaan yang masuk dalam kategori '3-D' iaitu dirty, dangerous, difficult (kotor, berbahaya, sukar) biasanya menjadi matlamat kedatangan para pekerja migran. Dengan berlangsungnya mobiliti penduduk memberikan keuntungan bersama bagi negara yang mempunyai banyak tenaga kerja menganggur ke negara yang kekurangan (Gozzini, 2006). Aliran tenaga kerja/buruh dari negara-negara dengan jumlah penduduk yang besar sangat membantu pembangunan di negara-negara destinasi yang sememangnya mengalami kekurangan tenaga kerja pada sektor-sektor tidak rasmi yang termasuk dalam golongan pekerjaan '3-D' itu.…”

Theorizing Cross-Cultural Migrations: The Case of Eurasia since 1500

“…Although there are strong indications that the levels of international migration (defined in national statistics as settlement in other countries) at the end of the nineteenth century (1870–1914) measured up to those a century later (1965–2000) (Gozzini 2006), in the longer run Castles and Miller may be right. We lack good statistics on international migration before the nineteenth century, but it seems reasonable to assume that moves across national borders increased substantially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries due to the various transport revolutions (from sailing to steamships in the mid-nineteenth century, trains not much later, and—cheap—air traffic in the twentieth century, especially from the 1960s onward).…”